Life is a dream, midnight butterfly

 Life is a dream, but wake up after the tears still, always like the dead of night, letting their thoughts,
many nights, alone looking at the stars. Surrounded by a silence. Listen to your inner shadows the help given crying sound, the darkness pervades the endless frustration felt at a loss account and forlorn. star know, the wind also understood ..
no one thought would be easy, as there is no any kind of emotion is not the same as wounding , star knows, the wind also understood, but the heart do not know ....< br> midnight butterfly wings waving incomplete want to be near the beautiful dream
may get good luck there is nothing she still wings tears of blood splashing dance fly in the red lily white lily was crying for love thanks
butterfly final is a beautiful legend, the world's many lovers are not married, but no one can spend the butterfly .

A sad love story

 A sad love story in a two night dinner to break the girl with the requirements of the boy, the boy a bit shocked at first and then silently accepted.
Girl said: > The boy said: days to call the girl and asked her what had? home yet? enough? girls, although surprised, but did not ask the boy to accept the care taken for granted, until the girl in a case of anger on the boy said : One day the boy received no call girls, and girls find it strange, but did not think about.
few days later did not call a boy or a girl, the girl thought: What the? only read a few words to him I Shuapi Qi, really! forget, in the end I called him my wrong right, by the way told him that boys do not be so stingy!
girl playing for a long time, even if no answer, and also suspended Le, girl hh
began to feel strange to find the boy ran to the boy's company, but the boy's colleagues said: The boy had already left!
boy's boss is a good friend of the boy, then, the girl asked the boy his Where is it?
his boss said: I do not know I was also looking for him ah!
girls did not give up, to call the boy home, the boy's family said the boy abroad!
girl thought: strange, the boy's family was not wealthy, how could it let him go abroad? (in fact the boy's family is also the girl broke up with him one of the reasons it) to say even if he did not tell me to go abroad, and his friends are in the know right? strange?
girl with a heart filled full of skeptical questions about her home, suddenly found it in a letter box!
She opened the point of view, is the boy wrote the letter. This time she was determined Tainan, the boys did leave, but did not say gone?
nasty pig! will not go to say!
since then although the girls never saw the boy again, but the boys always received a regular letter .
particularly important day, such as the birthday girl, he would wish her a happy birthday and comes with a gift, Valentine's Day when they forget to wish her happy, and Christmas flowers is needless to say, even the girls in the university entrance exam will He encouraged the cards received!
Therefore, although the girl had not seen the boy a long time, but also can feel the boy's care, but the girl sent her a letter that the boy did not send a letter address almost all of it! or else is forwarded, really strange? as if someone put the letter in the mailbox directly!
and does not know why the boy's friends have become especially good for girls? not only the birthday girl with a gift will be invited to hh went out to play even more, as long as a boy friend and she is a woman, will take the initiative to invite the girl to go shopping, chatting, talking on the phone, greetings and so caring act, so the girl wonder! but time for a long time, girl get used to.
those days, she felt happy, so happy, until one day the girl found that boys did not send a letter to him a long time, she felt strange, but would like to forget may be a busy boy recently, right?
But a week later the girl still did not receive a half letter hh
started to feel confused, she did not know why she would panic, the boy only knew that she wanted to see the letter hh
two years the boy will always write letter to the girls, especially in the special day there is always a boy passes him warm wishes from afar, to accompany him to continue along this road, although the girl could not reply.
but this girl is already a part of life, and now suddenly disappeared as if the girl suddenly found one less to rely on, the girl began to shop around to find the boy's whereabouts. to the previous boys frequented cafes, tea shops, bookstores, Internet cafes, a ride, a stay for a day.
just want to see the boy, but did not, the boy seems to evaporate from the earth.
her last hope to hold the boy's friend's company, asked the boy's friends and colleagues in the boy's whereabouts. boy colleagues A girl is called Ru Lin, I asked the girl even cried, the girl asked the Ru Lin, how do you?
boy's boss said: Hey! take it to call this man! you know that he went to the hh < br> There will be a girl I saw a cell phone number of the note paper, a very happy girl, thinking: finally I found it to be!
girl over the phone: Hello?
other end came a mobile phone male voice.
Although the girl had been almost 2 years have not seen the boy, but she was sure the phone were not boys!
girl: said: older brother? , and I just do not know how I should show you, why it until recently. excitement, opened the letter hh
Hey! spike you've recently please?
the weather starts to cool yo! own health care yo? chance to read the do? Do not preparing for it, you know?
Ha ha! you said like a child, sorry sorry!! just, I really worried about you, you always need people concerned with the protection. But do not worry, I have explained my buddies have to take good take care of you.
because when you look at this letter I would have to a place far away!
I can not continue to take care of you, but I really worried about you, so I this way to stay with you through the next day. I hope you do not mind, but this is probably my last letter, because my time is up!
'm sorry I do not want to see you, But I do not want to let you see the way I am now, because I do not want to make you sad but I hope you happy, this is my biggest wish it! but also quick exam of the it! If for I am not admitted to harm you, I probably can not forgive myself, because this is my last request.
calculate more than 200 letters about it? Oh! hope you do not dislike its strong rebuff! Although I soon left , but I have no regrets with you, with you I am very happy day, though not a hh
your last choice I have, but it was just really do not know how else I told you break up, because I do not want to incriminate you, after all, so I can not give you happiness, break up with you.
my body is getting worse, to the hospital, the doctor told me I was only 3 months of life, and better You broke up with me early, or, Oh! snow you really clever!
so I will calculate according to calendar days more than 200 letters to write the letter, then told my brother to help me send you by date, to if I'm still with you as your side!
calculate 2 years now? I think you feel for me the bar is relatively short, it should be more accepting of the fact that the bar!
So I would time to write the last letter, say there is no way I write, I hope you forgive me, I do not know the impact you will not be great!
If so, I'm sorry this time I can not comfort you, really not a solution.
I just want to tell you, I love you! I longed to take care of your whole life, even if the end you go the red carpet hand in hand with another man, the other end, and I hope to continue to be your friend !
but I can? I can not, because God gave me the time to.
although short, but I feel no regrets, my life is complete, just like our love, though short, but I think worth it.
Thank you for this life with me about my first love, I will not if the time can never catch you, do not fall in love with you!
the past can never do? can not, so I still hurt you.
pay and wait for tomorrow if I make you stay together, I'll do it!
but I have tomorrow? not, so I will leave you.
If I can not led to leave the world without hanging on to say that I no longer love you, no longer care about you but I hh
tears his eyes have told me I fit you. So, yes, I hh hh love you hh
Do not cry for me, because love you, I am very happy.
cut off a cause is as simple as the method can forget the thoughts.
So, please forget me!

Decade of the Korean culture industry history

 Article C: Some say it is a .2005 60% share of the winter in South Korea, there are six Western and Korean films released at the same time, competing with children in the market, showing confidence in South Korean film now.
how they came all the way through? What kind of things which happened? how the government played a role? intellectuals what to do? Koreans in the end is how to put together their own cultural products to the world?
and the core of the problem is actually on a: South Korea What is the experience of the cultural industry?
In Korea, directors, producers, investors, private and semi-private institutions, even government officials who are
. He is a studio working overtime in shifts historical themes of the TV series br> Lee: 70s filming on the review of the last century, strict restrictions have subject matter. I was 8 years ago, making historical drama. young, I was selected in accordance with the requirements of elders theme, now that I am at their own idea to film drama series.
1999 year, I took the story of the ancient doctors Xu Jun, the story involves the ancient The woman is sick, can not allow male doctors to see, so with this system. Female Doctors and the low status, but the medicine is high, they can only see a doctor, can not prescribe medication, there are historical records of these things.
Q: how do you do not shoot the emperor drama?
Lee: once photographed. Xu Jun considered the highest ratings?
Lee: Dae Jang Geum, or the highest ratings. Dae Jang Geum, although the humble origin, but her talent, reaching her highest position of the industry as female physician, the only one in history .
now is the era of specialization, people attach great importance to professionalism, to achieve the highest professional standards and status, is that people are yearning and seeking. Therefore, , to be welcomed.
reporters: A Chinese actor criticized the
Lee: First of all I have to explain, in the . writers read a total of more than 100 books in this information. We set a common theme, selected a point, and then while writing are shot, her twelve weeks in advance to write the script.
on the authenticity of my television show story, 90% are fictitious.
Reporter: how to make young people interested in historical themes of the drama?
Lee: My audience is mainly young people. , like the ancient architecture, dress, language, scenes and so on. but its theme is modern, reflecting the relationship between people and contradictions of life choices and confusion, as well as family, love, etc., which is now the man to face problem.
TV broadcasting are shot, sometimes modified according to the views of the audience, for example, a character originally set at 17 when died, but the audience has to see the results change only in the death of 27 sets. to audience mainly to the needs of the audience mainly.
Reporter: How do you view of history, to film historical drama?
Li: Emperor of the country is important, but some civilians also figures in the history of is very important. like China, who invented gunpowder, who invented paper, apparently more important than the emperor. I just wanted to take those people do not know, but very important historical figures who contributed to the nation, is very talented people, even if they are civilians.
South Korean film director. His comprehensive Arts of Korea and the Beijing Film Academy is a project: China and South Korea co-production projects of students in different places. He said he hoped such activities through the Look, they made some changes. After shooting the film, were actually cut down a little, little impact on the entire movie. But the movie review of the system, a film and the people, not an ideal system.
In fact, such a system is no stranger to the South Korean director, not surprised. I was 80 the last century, began to make films, when Chun Doo-hwan is the period of the student movement in the school shooting is prohibited and will be arrested by the police.
I read the last century, 80 universities, 85% were released when U.S. film. you go to the cinema to see South Korean films are not sure, or else people will wonder and asked: Why read-made films, do not watch American films? into the film industry was very upset, how to make a good Korean films, how to break?
But 10 years later, South Korean film, accounted for 60% of the domestic film market, I myself feel that it is a miracle!
Reporter: If the original review system remains, will develop into a Korean film like this today you?
gold: my elders who have no censorship on the film views used . but we are on the 80s of last century the University of directors, not true.
I think the movie is for people to see, by the people to evaluate is enough. If they say that our film can not, we do not photos. supervisory review of people, level not much higher than people, the cinema, should not take anything, so how can they determine?
us these ideas, the majority of public support. Korean film development to Today, looking back now, not a government-led, not driven film, but the people led, that the power of people.
Q: You participated in , when more than 50 directors shaved their heads in protest. for trade interests, the United States demanded the South Korean government further reduced the proportion of domestic films will be shown, and promised financial assistance, the Government agreed. then only 25% of domestic films , and then decreased, can not live on the Korean film. This thing is South Korean director to know, in order to keep showing the proportion of the original, launched this You can cast a lot of money. directors not to, saying: Do not help me!
reporters: do not short of money making movies, the Government investment of money do not you?
Gold: Once accepted the Government's funding support, we make another film may be limited. It is maintained as long as the proportion of the original film screening on it.
Reporter: China is now very supportive of domestic movies, like Other film.
Kim: Korean movies popular, some Chinese people to understand as a result of the South Korean government's active support, my opinion. Now the reasons, with the South Korean director's words are: renewed and renewed!
Japan, Hong Kong's film Why die? such as Hong Kong film, a film fire, and the director will make a sequel, or even shoot Continued Continued Continued. Of course, a popular film, make another sequel, it should be easier can also make money quickly, this is indeed the director is a temptation. But the South Korean director almost a sequel, even a very good film at the box office, not shoot.
The South Korean films accounted for 60% of the market, However, including myself, the South Korean director, did not feel relaxed, has been very tense, always thinking about how to take new, more breakthrough film.
Reporter: South Korean film now in the subject matter, there is no closed areas? < br> Kim: No, there is no restriction on subject matter, but the South Korean director encounter another problem.
the audience something different now, they can see a lot of things, not just the video, DVD, and the adoption of new technology, such as the Internet to receive more information. to see what more the higher the level of knowledge and appreciation. If within 10 minutes of a movie grip the audience, they are not interested, or people to guess the contents of the back, viewers may not be read down.
biggest problem we have is: how to meet young people the changed needs of fast-paced appreciation. film market is constantly changing, we must follow it to change.
, on behalf of the interests of filmmakers and protect their interests. There are 1,500 member film production company, South Korea, 80% of the film is produced by the Association.
Reporter: South Korean government's screen quota, grading system will not be detrimental to the interests of filmmakers?
gold: no. provided 106 days a year must have made the film release, has been far beyond. We and the contradiction, if there are differences, we can express their views. like a recent film, a problem, film production companies to cut their own. You just go to the Korean Film Council, and often listen to our views.
Reporter: In South Korea, now a film, what procedures need to go?
Gold: very simple. As long as you have a film company to shoot the film. finished, the sub-committee to look at grade level, over the age of 15 viewed, or people over 18 years of age to see, divided into many levels to be listed on the.
Reporter: easy to find the money to film it?
Gold: In addition to investors, the Korea Film Investment Fund . they are according to the script, director, produced the company's situation, decided to invest.
Reporter: Toupai Korean foreign capital can also slice up?
King: Yes.
Reporter: I do not know why, in China's cinema, Few seem to see Korean films.
gold: in 2005, through official channels to enter the South Korean movie theaters in China, almost.
I would like to point out, some of the , why do you always say that the export, not import? My view is that, foreign films, especially the Chinese film, unpopular in Korea, it is not rich because the movie theme, the story is simple, therefore, not suitable for Korean audience Look.
Korean film suddenly fire up, starting from 1996. At that time the Constitution unconstitutional Arbitration Commission decision review system, there is no legal basis, are illegal, they have been repealed. filmmakers the creative freedom to fight for our own . It is precisely from 1996, the film's creativity erupted like a volcano. long recommended, as is the film experts, celebrities, members of the public, students and parents representatives. The Committee consists of films, videos, games and other small committees. the members are not salaried.
Reporter: This institution is the official or the private sector ?
Lee: is completely independent of the professional bodies, the Government can not interfere. Our establishment of this body in 1966, but the nature of the past and today is entirely different. before the period of military rule and undemocratic, the main function is to review . the last century 90's, after the democratization of South Korea, the main purpose of this committee is to protect young people by level of image objects only.
Reporter: involved do not involve ideological issues, such as historical issues, political issues?
Li: 99% do not involve, engage in this review.
Reporter: That 1% is involved?
Lee: This is because the Korean political situation is rather special, with North and South Korea split the problem. as on times are cartoons, involving North Korea, North Korea content of defamation, there are censored.
press: for example, kinds of subject matter of the film, there is no problem now.
Reporter: If you film production companies dissatisfied with the outcome classification, how to do?
Lee: There are two methods, namely, his cutting, re-apply; II Arbitration Committee is at a higher level. We do not force, has no authority to cut the film.
Reporter: When grading, for example pornography, to what extent that may harm young people will be physical and mental health, there are standards?
Lee: class is divided into more than 15 years of age and can look over the age of 18 can read. as violent, if the scene was very cruel, foul language, bad language will not do; pornography, according to the degree of physical nudity, sex scenes, etc. to divide.
Reporter: But not to see the film, the children read, who will be punished?
Lee: film classification, if the theater violated by the police to manage.
Reporter: Do you that can not see, but the audience feel that we can see, there are contradictions with the audience, how do?
Lee: this kind of thing almost never happened. parents often demanding more, the film company wanted to relax more. Our half of the composition professionals, representatives of the other half is the audience.
br> c and the first shot, a Korean TV series of the company, has produced and aired more than 2,000 hours of TV series. Korean Central Television,
Application: Yesterday, the Chinese Culture Center in South Korea its first anniversary, we all went congratulated.
long time ago, I passed the China Import and Export Corporation, China introduced more than 20 movies, including Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaige, who works. These films released, so that Korean audiences first saw the film in China.
Q: how do you see China's film industry?
Shen: Chinese film for artistic director level also high, but not the public pieces. Now, South Korea in the film industry is very difficult to enter the Chinese market. For example, Chinese companies bought the promising Korean, but can not find the opportunity to go back and broadcast, multicast does not come out, but also come back.
Asia is a big family that we should work together, but difficult to enter the Chinese cultural market, there are certain obstacles to mutual exchange of .2008 to host the Olympic Games in Beijing, fast economic development, China has is the factory of the world, but there are limitations in the culture. to look at cultural exchanges between the two countries, the current situation is not ideal.
Reporter: your company, sold a lot of the popular TV series, TV series, What tips do you have?
applications: film TV series writers are the key people, we must recognize the role of screenwriter. South Korean TV series in the choice of themes for the tastes of Asians, the relative one step ahead of other Asian countries. < br> Reporter: Do you think that China is currently the biggest problem is the film What?
Shen: Chinese film, from director, actor speaking, higher than in Korea, such as Zhang Ziyi, Gong Li and so is already a world-class star, The South Korean actor known to be worse. China's major directors, actors Ye Hao, this level of state how to do it?
to my personal experience, the level of pricey Chinese writers, realism, realism work more, but the lack of fancy things, but Korean is more emotional. Another example, Chinese TV filming a scene for a short time, insufficient details of the performance, passed quickly. other historical themes too monotonous .
can shoot good work, I value the writers. must have a good script, which determines the success of TV series, so I attach great importance to writers .2005, our Foundation in Beijing, held in Shanghai , Japan and South Korea writers workshop, this year is also prepared to engage. more communication is intended to enable a more Asian oriented drama.
Q: What plans there in 2006?
Shen: I out with Chinese counterparts idea: we are working it, we co-produced TV series. The problem is that the Chinese writer to write the work, the reality is strong, lack of commercial sex, and directing is the problem. So, I want to make China cooperate, screenwriter, director, makeup artist, etc. from the South Korea to provide, actors, equipment, etc. provided by the Chinese side I would like to try to .2006 of a television series co-produced by the Korean writer to write the script, then please, please, writers into the script for the Chinese audience taste.
cultural exchange is not a single area to promote their country's culture, but to communicate with each other, mutual benefit and achieve win-win. to find a point everyone can agree to create a new oriental culture. To put it more directly to points, it is hoped the two countries TV people can join hands and make the world of money.
; CJ acquired nine TV channels, covering cable films, documentaries, animation, sports, music, life, is also involved in film production, distribution, screening, management of the chain of movie theaters in Korea accounted for 20%, have invested, girlfriend Therefore, we want to open the world market.
operation in Shanghai very successful TV shopping, but not very well in Beijing. In China, carry out media and entertainment industry, the Government has many policy restrictions.
Reporter: specific What is the limit?
Kim: First of all, we have set up foreign corporate media and entertainment company has been limited, set up branch offices in Beijing, we spent a whole year and a half. in the production show, must also have rights in China permission to shoot, to find a Chinese company, we can make hh
Reporter: Since restricted, you still want to go up?
Gold: We are particularly optimistic about the Chinese market. China is the world's largest market, even though There are many restrictions, but we will in the long run, look at the development of it, we can wait.
in Japan, in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and other regions, to carry out our business was going well, but in Vietnam some limits, but not so strict as the mainland of China.
Reporter: are here, are you going to the Chinese how to do it?
Kim: We had thought the company in China has its own TV channel, now appears to be not too possible. Therefore, we focus on the program production business, such as investment making movies, TV series, such as construction and operation of cinemas.
Now, we have a hundred in Vietnam Toupai the TV series, screenwriter, technical staff provided by the South Korean side, the actors are local. However, in tune with the Chinese TV program is also very far away. We also want to create some entertainment shows, but there are difficulties, we must first get permission, the script, the sample must be sent with to examine.
Reporter: understanding the Chinese market to a certain extent, you feel that the development of cultural industry in China, where the key?
gold: 10 years ago, South Korea also very popular in Hong Kong and U.S. movies, TV program. But now, 60% of the film market is the Korean release of the film, broadcast television stations are also the main time to produce their own programming Korea.
China is not only the production costs low, and there are a lot of good stuff, good story. If policy permits, China and South Korea can cooperate to jointly develop these human content, to create popular programs. and to South Korea's experience, the influence of cultures, not the light can be measured with money, it can lead and affect other industries and other areas.
If China can produce a good cultural products, I think will be blowing in the world, the game room. a meeting, he cheerfully said: > Yu: the output value of the domestic market is 5 trillion won, equivalent to $ 5,000,000,000.
Reporter: In the culture industry, the game industry is not the most money?
Yu: You can say that. it than film and music the sum of 2.5 times higher. In Korea, online games accounted for 50%, there are other arcade games, mobile phone games.
Reporter: what the game industry to support the introduction of the policy?
Yu: Game Industry developed, not because government support is a folk up their own development.
beginning, the Government does not attach importance to the game industry, do not recognize the year 1999, the game industry up, fire up, the government foresaw this development prospects of the industry, paying attention to the establishment of Institute of the game industry.
Reporter: what do you do the game industry hospital?
Yu: not necessarily to the companies money, they sometimes need a national birthright, holding international electronic athletic competitions; we good business, even small businesses, consulting to help them with foreign links, introducing cooperation projects; reflect their views to the Government, needs to develop relevant policies; engage in education and training, training in this area personnel.
2005 years ago, the game's policy, the Government introduced are negative, restrictive, does not allow companies to do, such as the aged into the game room registration system. By 2005, the government's attitude began to change and become actively support and encourage the game industry.
Reporter: In the past, the Government why the negative?
Yu: Because the Government to protect young people.
Reporter: not protected?
Yu: Korea's attention to any laws protect young people. the laws of the game industry over the last few, in 2005 the submission of the industrial development.
protect young people and revitalize the industry does not contradictory. the Government should not interfere in enterprises through the protection of young people, but enterprises through industry associations, to develop industry guidelines, codes of practice and industry self-regulation with the protection of young people.
Reporter: Do you have set the Long is a problem, but the law can not restrict, the provisions of a person to play for how long. If the private companies to develop similar . Now the government help do not help, what can?
Yu: In the beginning, the Government, after seeing the prospect of the industry, have tried to intervene in this industry, such as the establishment of the Cultural Broadcasting. but to intervene the market, with a ideological birthright, that we should protect young people, not help companies to develop market, is to monitor, limit. so there is a conflict, how do? government is always limited, apparently to die.
later government awareness to the development of this industry only, but face a problem: the Government must help, must do by law, or what is your basis? So, first through the formal legal Caixing.
Reporter: companies are willing to help you you?
Yu: So far, the government is to limit the main; from now on, with a positive attitude to help, companies should be welcomed.
output value of the global game industry 70 billion U.S. dollars a year, South Korea now only 50 billion is not significant. : many, several hundred people now, almost provincial cultural department of the people have been here.
2005, the Korean game industry exports 300 million U.S. dollars, China accounted for 30%. imported game products in China, not in South Korea so popular, is not in line with the tastes of Koreans. the game content is very important, must be fun, attractive way to play it.
He: Korea Ministry of Culture and Tourism Division, the cultural industry policies.
Reporter: In Korea, the cultural industries in the national economy ranked the first of several?
Liu: Actually, the cultural industries in the domestic economy of scale did not account for how much export less, in fact, is not the most money. But why the Government is still very great importance to cultural industries? The key lies in its impact and significance. through cultural industries, Korea and other countries to exchange window and bridge to introduce the Republic of Korea, Let the world the impression of Korea is not the main purpose is to make money.
Reporter: Drama inside almost no bad guys and focus on family ethics, and interpersonal relations are very harmonious, South Korea does not feel any social problems and contradictions, which is not the government initiated?
Liu: First of all, the Government can not intervene in the actual operation of cultural industries. For example, should not interfere with TV, movie filming, production. Second, there is no distance and reality TV do? may be , the TV itself is not a reflection of reality, inside a fiction, the ideal composition, such as the pursuit of dreams of love, happy family life, it reflects the day people want to live.
Reporter: heard in China Another was that the rapid development of Korean culture industry, because the result of government support, such as the introduction of certain policies. However, South Korea, to hear it is another way of saying that is not the result of government help, but by the community-driven formation and development of the cultural industries.
as government officials, what is your view?
Liu: I can responsibly say that the development of cultural industries to help them not the government, but people themselves to develop. South Korea cultural industries, appears to be in a short period of time developed, in fact, in the seventies and eighties of last century, already in the bud. to the 90s of last century, a shift in the political system, social democracy and freedom, people's participation have much to bring.
Reporter: You just said that the Government can advise manufacturing companies to reduce violence in the game the game, if companies do not listen to advice how to do? your culture department has no enforcement power, such as confiscation, forfeiture?
Liu: We hope to have power, but in fact we do not (laughs).
we have no enforcement power, and no coercive measures, we only have a only. Culture and Tourism Ministry is responsible for the national service, that is, how best to make people enjoy the benefits of culture.

Serie A great information

 Really good information, very worthwhile collection Serie A Tale
years
order
modern times, the British warships were open, feet kicking football, conquered the whole world, if the conquest of much of force every corner of the world is not over, then the conquest of football, then let the whole world crazy. Italy, is frantic country where one of the most crazy. Xi said, brilliant, today said the struggles, the intersection an exciting Heroic Symphony, surging over world football. from the map view, the shape of Italy is a foot wearing boots is playing, after receiving a soccer, football became the country's soul. Since May 1898 8 said, the first since the start of the Italian League, has spent one hundred and five springs and autumns, the long span of time has brought countless heroes and honor, but also took away many of the past and bitterness.
Today, when we open the Serie A picture of a hundred years of history and found, to say the rain has become a brilliant black and white album wash over, looking at those who are already very familiar with the events and faces, you will found that the flat light behind the text, the original had been pinned so many dreams and hard work hh
one, the dream of the beginning (1898 ~ 1904)
19 Century 70's one night, a ray of sets and the sun shone lazily Apennine sea lighthouse, noisy bustling port of Genoa gradually calmed down, since this group of British sailors brought football items can, in the face of this sheer exotic football, Genoese show the tremendous enthusiasm and concern. Although one step ahead of Turin, Turin was set up in 1890 an international team, Udinese team also won the first unofficial champion of soccer, but said in September 1893 set up the Genoa 7 Or as the cradle of the Italian soccer's Serie swept across the entire early. In seven years, won six league titles Genoa, creating a brilliant, a myth. can be said that this time, Genoa football is football in Italy . Let us put time back in 1898, the Italian football in any case should not forget the age.
1898 �� 15 March said the Italian Football Federation announced, because of the football in Italy or not people know fresh stuff, the first and only ate the crab Turin, FE Turin, Genoa, Turin Sports and the four teams. is not tight in the scheme is not comprehensive, May 8 said, Turin, Serie A where the first had begun quietly. Only the four teams to participate in the game just for a day, Genoa to record two straight victories to win the inaugural league title. winning the atmosphere is not warm, to see the Genoa team exciting carnival, and more Italians voted to the disdain and surprised eyes, they do not know exactly what it looks extremely simple and even naive, saying after the game and created a star-studded, large-scale Italian league, they do not know, that title looks very simple, countless people will be crazy, obsession, worth millions to pay the supreme honor of sweat and blood!
subsequent history is very simple, 1899 and 1900, Genoa, and twice won easily, with from 1902 to 1904, three consecutive, Genoa with great glory through the course of the Serie A start, but also to a gradual decline in the road outside Genoa, Ac Milan emerge, won the championship in 1901, walked into the team's upswing.
information: Udine team. the establishment of said period: 1896; City: Udine; Sponsor: casals; home: Fuliyouli stadium. Udine club was founded in 1896, but originally it was a gymnastics and fencing groups emerged, the club house there is indeed a football team, but it is gymnastics and fencing athletes have nothing else to pass the time and founder. However, these .:
information Genoa: English name: Genoa; Established: 1893 �� 7 September, saying; City: Genoa; Main Stadium: Luigi Ferraris Stadium b; Honor Roll: 1898,1899,1900,1902 , 1903,1904,1915,1923,1924 years Scudetto, Champions Cup 1937.
Second, to the colorful (1905 ~ 1928)
the league early, only Ac Milan was upset win in 1901 , if the previous era is the era of Genoa, then this next period is an era of gradually varied, while the times, it was full of turbulence, the era of integration and restructuring.
First of all, Juve map Sri Lanka, this light red shirt in the early days of wearing the team in 1903 was modeled on the UK's most popular Tottenham weaving center continues to this day changed the style of black and white striped shirt (black represents power, white for purity), this change really brings good luck, in 1905 won their first in the history of Serie A titles, from the title of the Bianconeri heard throughout the Apennine peninsula, if not the champion, who is also the title contenders, Juventus is one can, and beyond the stability and tough, has written a brilliant century Italian football league.
Then, in 1906 and 1907, Ac Milan won twice, was established in 1899, said this on December 16 teams, began her sixth Serie A titles, four Italian Cup titles, four Italian League Super Cup champion, six times European Champions Cup, two European Cup Winners Cup titles, three European Super Cups, three Toyota Cup magic history.
then followed 1909/1910 year, Ambrosi Mariana (Inter original name) in 1908, this had just split out from the Ac Milan team also won their first Serie A champion. the birth of the team is a group of former champions AC Milan, the result of rebellion, when the AC Milan squad for the Swiss and Italian players of AC Milan over the UK and some snobbish behavior of extremely dissatisfied with the team and stormed out of their own set up Inter Milan, the club's symbol color is blue and black is a symbol of betrayal, and this tradition continues today. consistent with their name, their first is a Swiss captain Manktl. But soon, a strong Inter Milan was the collapse of the First World War, many players are on the battlefield. Virgilio Fossati, Milan won the first championship team captain, as like other players no longer on the front and back. wait for Inter return to Serie A , won the second title, is already 10 years after the 1919/1920 season. While Inter won later, 13 Serie A titles and demoted as the only two teams has never been one, but columns of this international war injuries, still can not measure.
During this period, in the 1924/1925 and 1928/1929 Bologna won in Genoa won in 1922/1923 in Turin in 1926/1927, 1927/1928 In victory, coupled with seven titles in this period of Vercelli won the team title in the Italian league in the history of the highest number of debut a few teams have.
Besides the competition, this time also occurred in many, many worthy of our Things to remember :1923 -1924 season, Juventus for the first time hired Hungarian coach Carlo guiding the team out of training and competitions; referee system, the introduction of the players bit by bit transfer of the deeds of hh advance the progress of the football . Meanwhile, the Italian Football Federation and the Italian league, also had many twists and turns. such as Juventus, 1906, Juventus reached the final again, as integral and Milan teams score the same points plus a game according to the rules. race should in a neutral manner, but the Italian Football Federation decided to draw lots to the city of Milan, Juventus said the protest, refused to participate, Milan victory without fighting. Who would have thought that the strike and time to actually be split Juventus The International team, Turin sports teams merged into the present Torino. Because of this division, as Juventus and Ac Milan, entered a long low period.
started his football experience in the Italian Football Federation because insufficient strong management of the league, which makes amateur football team in the competition system and professional team, schedule and venue dispute and other issues often end up suffering the two sides parted ways, after the professional team from the Football Association set up a professional football league with the desire football rival. This resulted in the 1921/22 season there Vercelli, Nuo Weise two championship teams (the Vercelli team for the Italian Professional Football League championship, the Italian Football Association Nuo Weise team's league title.) The division is quite debilitating and evil so that people forget the World War I football passion and joy brought to them until the end of the First World War in 1920, Professional Football League and Football Association are two organizations back together, to merge, and organized the first national championship after the war, interrupted last 3 years the continuation of football. However, due to the combined team was too much, work loss as to how much the Football Association at this time has made a serious decision-making errors, they decided to the team is divided into several large geographical area to replace the national regional championship game. The decision to make the national soccer federation lost its management and direction of movement of the right, suddenly they exist in name only, and the resulting sharp decline in the number of visitors , the team's financial constraints, some of which can not even survive. until 1929, the Italian Football Federation has finally established a new competition system, which is now a common system of home and away double-loop integral (2 points for a win then), and will be divided into teams according to the level of A, B, C, D four grades, and then turn the newly formed teams and regional teams designated for the selection of teams, the winners enter the D league. This new competition system has played an immediate establishment of effect, the audience back on the field, the team dynamic, the whole Apennine football tide swept away, and this multi-level league system is also recognized by history, has been in use ever since.
Since then, the real Italian Football League officially started, glory and honor in the sweat and blood and tears in the cast, people familiar with the players and the team you Changba me play, performed scenes exciting, touching cried the football event.
information dimension Botticelli team. very sorry, this information was all-powerful team is very small, only know Vercelli and Turin, the northern Piedmont belong to well-known International Music Competition Viotti, Vercelli fleet of Serie A champions won 7 times, respectively, 1908,1909,1910 / 1911,1911 / 1912,1912 / 1913,1920 / 1921,1921 / 1922 season.
three legendary era (1929 ~ 1949) < br> This is a legendary era, an era of heroes, an exciting time, a passionate era of madness. through a tortuous road of Italian football, Serie A truly opened the curtain league. If in the era before, leaving us more is the myth of the team, then from this era, players can use their unparalleled in the annals of the performance left their brilliant name. honor and tears glory and shame, dreams and fall, all glory and disaster hh together, everything from the spring of 1929 hh
1929, the experienced all the twists and turns of the Italian Football Federation launched the participation of 18 teams in Italy Football League, opened the curtain of modern Italian. Juventus, Milan clubs, Roma and Lazio in Serie A five-powerful in today's Yankees are impressively, Bologna, Brescia, Modena, Turin, Naples and Genoa and other teams are lucky enough to witness history.
This really is a creation of the historical era, in the first season, in the famous coach of the tuning Arpad b Horowitz, the Inter Milan of the most Giuseppe Meazza b great players boarded the team to lead the league title the throne, and he had 33 goals in 31 games, an achievement of this incredible league's top scorer, came in second place ahead of this result The Roma striker Volcker full ten goals. However, it is merely a prelude to the great striker, in 1929 to nine years in 1938, Meazza only less than 20 goals in two seasons a (1934/1935 season, 19 goals, 1936/1937 season, 15 goals), top scorer in Serie A three times (1930,1936,1938), and ultimately to 218 Serie A goals Historical Societies ranked list of the third hand , under the leadership of his Inter Milan in 1932m1933 years, 1933m1934 years, 1934m1935 three seasons in a row in Serie A runner-up won. he not only become the Italian team Inter Milan and the absolute core of the thirties of last century, And to commemorate the great players and the 1980 Inter Milan Ac Milan San Siro stadium was renamed shared as Petro b Pirelli, the businessman who chaired a gift sent to Milan, 19 September 1926, saying the self-built stadium gave a beloved Milan, and named people. Full Name: Giuseppe Meazza b (1910.8.23 ~ 1979.8.21), was born in the city Meazza Milan, Inter Milan is the greatest shooters in history, 1927 November 27 said, his first representative of the international Milan will play scoring two goals. Meazza at a rapid speed and pretty extraordinary technology, a breakthrough the other known defensive field goal 21 April 1929 said, Meazza in the game against Juventus lob to break This is the first lob European football score in the 20th century, 30 years, can lob Meazza scoring the only one. Meazza superb technology and a cool head to make him the team and Inter Milan, Italy the absolute core. He 1930,1936 and 1939, respectively, ranked in the Serie A scoring charts in the first place, to help Inter Milan won the 1930,1939,1940 three league titles and FA Cup in Italy in 1939. his life as Inter Milan were launched into 248 goals in Serie A goals total of 218, out of total history, ranking third. Meanwhile, as the soul of the Italian national team, Meazza a total of 53 caps for Italy, scoring 33 As Italy won in 1934,1938 the biggest player in two World Cups, Meazza became the only nominated consecutive World Cup team player. He created the national team scoring record of 33 until 35 years later back the record flat, can barely be called a .1930 over the team, the Agnelli decisively to introduce little striker from Argentina, and horse killer Saisalini Orsi, in the famous Italian coach Kaer Luo. under the command of Karl Kano, which Argentina Gemini each other, made for the Juventus game 25 level 5 34 wins 4 losses on the impressive achievements, won the 1930/1931 season, the Serie A league title. Agnelli and from Argentina in the cheers hired two Nanshan gem: and Mario Monti. In team can surpass even the heyday of Turin and Milan clubs, can only hope that this record was born sigh.
information: Juventus. where the city of Turin (Torino); to establish the year 1897; De b Aer Pi stadium stadium name; League Champions: 25 times (1904-05, 1925-26, 1930-31, 1931-32, 1932-33,1933-34,1934-35,1949-50,1951-52, 1957-58,1959-60,1960-61,1966-67,1971-72,1972-73,1974-75,1976-77,1977-78,1980-81,1981-82,1983-84,1985 - 86,1994-95,1996-97,1997-98); Cup Champion: 9 (1937-38,1941-42,1958-59,1959-60,1964-65,1978-79,1982-83,1989 -90,1994-95); Super Cup: 2 (1995,1997) Champions League: 2 (1984-85,1995-96); Winners Cup: 1 (1983-84); UEFA Cup: 3 times (1976-77, 1989-90,1992-93); Intercontinental Cup (Toyota Cup predecessor): 2 (1985, 1996);
Juventus at the height of glory to the Meazza feel depressed After all, in the heyday of three consecutive runner-up won the taste is very helpless, very depressed! in the 1935/1936 season, Juventus has finally embarked on a tremendously popular downhill, gold coach, led his unit to Italy in Karl Kano After completion of five consecutive Albert left the team, the club chairman Aldo b Agnelli in 1935 in a seaplane accident killed, Juventus hero, but also Italy's hero, goalkeeper Gambia 33 hanging up his boots at the age of; Second, by the famous Argentine star Aoer Xi and Chesapeake Rini left the team to return hh. ambitious Meazza a big commitment. Sure enough, in this season, his 25 Goal scorer once again topped the first. but this season is not destined to belong to him, does not belong to Inter Milan, Bologna team to 15 wins and 10 combat level of 30 5 negative lift the club in the history of third title. in the next down of the 36/37 season, Bologna team boarded the top spot again. depressed Meazza 37/38 season, though eventually led Inter Milan won the championship, also made himself the title of top scorer the last time, but Bologna Also won the 38/39 and 40/41 season in Serie A title last season. to win the record four years, stood at the peak of the Serie.
is the so-called boom-bust, Bologna since embarked on after downhill, in addition to short-lived victory in the 63/64 season and beyond, there is no a commendable achievement. And all these years has been the championship and Bologna Inter Milan won the championship in the 39/40 season, also entered a short trough. In their silence, when Rome won the 41/42 season, the Serie A title, top scorer last season contributed 30/31 Volcker's team as its capital, this capital city of the first Serie A win top honors. During this time can not but mention an outstanding person is Ac Milan striker Porphyria. Although this period of Ac Milan, but also the best result a third league, but Porphyria won the league three times in four years, the top scorer (1939,1940, 1942), effective for seven seasons Ac Milan scored 111 league goals, if not ruthless war-torn fire stalled the pace of his goals, I believe he will not only ranked scorer in the General Ac Milan fourth.
Inter Milan and Bologna in the scramble for the championship, when the city of Turin team Juventus Turin, other than the team is quietly gathering strength. As the ball to create a Serie A team for several years been suppressing the taste of city rivals is stifling. Turin, President and determined to create a team and Juventus were the same, even more great times. Meanwhile, the city of Rome, Lazio appeared a just an or ever was a shooter can only be the ultimate fantasy!!
information: Bologna team. the establishment of said period: 1909; City: Bologna; Sponsor: STREAM TV; home: Renato b up Lee Stadium; Serie A champions :1924-25, 1928-29, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1938-39, 1940-41, 1963-64; Italian Cups :1969-70, 1973-74.
1942 / 43 season, the hardships of World War II, before the Turin team won the Serie A title the last time, Piola to the top scorer of 21 goals to win the title of .1943, the World War II and to the fire reaching the sky, break the two Serie A th. Numerous players have been involved in a ruthless war to temporarily interrupt their journey .1946 brilliant writing, the Italian league start, lucky escape, led the team back to Serie A Torino. At this time the strength of Torino in Serie A is far above the other teams, when the Turin team almost swept the entire Italian national team lineup, Yi Ji b in the famous coach Juan Carlos Ferrero command, the champion, and in 1948/1949 season and made the team in 40 games scored an incredible 125 goals scored per game to opponents 3.125 Goal! attack even in the very respect for age, the data can only be the other team's Despair object!
Perhaps such a result could not stand even the heaven and the days are, perhaps only because Su Peijia crash lost most of the main players, the Turin team wrote a bloody uniforms very sad. After struggling for 50 years, the Turin team has been hovering at the bottom, although the title in the 1975/76 season presents a brief glory, but the reconstruction of the Turin team dynasty can only be a distant dream. than in the Munich air disaster and rebuild a brilliant Manchester United, the same face of the Turin team, leaving more sigh sigh! < br> Or is this the end of a legendary era, and Lazio Serie A top scorer in the history of Piola, late in his career move to Juventus, has experienced a period of time after the unhappy, the young-old football often Evergreen at the age of 39, decided to retire. He bid farewell to football moment, the pitch is full of thunderous applause and waves of flowers and tears for nearly middle age, Piola difficult in themselves. He backs slowly out of the stadium away, leaving behind him, is a 274 league goals inscribed with the immortal monument of hh
information: Turin team. Location: Turin. stadium court were de b Aer Pi; team was founded in Turin 1890, is Italy's oldest team, the predecessor of the International team .1906 Turin, the Turin soccer club and sports teams to join the Turin Turin, the International team, and renamed the Turin soccer club. Serie A champion: 1926 ~ 1927,1927 ~ 1928,1942 ~ 1943,1945 ~ 1946,1946 ~ 1947,1947 ~ 1948,1948 ~ 1949,1975 ~ 1976; Italian Cup: 1935 ~ 1936,1942 ~ 1943,1967 ~ 1968 , 1970 ~ 1971,1992 ~ 1933;
information: Piola. Italian. All ������� b Piola (1913.3.29 ~ 1996.10.3). Piola was born in a football family, and its grandfather was the famous general in the team's outstanding goalkeeper Chevy. Piola biggest feature is the comprehensive technology, he was big, physically fit and agile movements, the other restricted areas in the heavily guarded, he could find a good way to break , in particular, the ball breaking his superior ability, almost no one can stop. Piola played 539 league games, scoring 274 league, cup and other goals together, Piola scored a total of 359 goals for the club, setting a record of .1935 in the history of Italian football, the Piola into the national team, won the appreciation of the famous coach Pozzo became the team ace center .1938 World Cup, Piola and Meazza Italian partner conquering team successfully defended .1952, 39-year-old Piola in this national team, against England, this is his last for the national team. Piola total of 34 games for the national team, scoring 30 one, believe that if not denied, Juventus, Ac Milan and Inter Milan deserved three rulers of Italian football, particularly true in 1929 since the start of professional soccer league, three teams is by virtue of superior economic strength to firmly take hold of the ball team's first group.
the late forties, the three giants make the rise of Turin extremely depressed, Juventus, Inter and Ac Milan can compete for the throne can only be the runner-up, even more depressing is that crazy red bull in Turin until 1949 is still not the slightest meaning to stop their steps forward. Juventus's record of five consecutive championships in front of the road to dominate Europe in the foot, Mazzola, Jia Beituo the pace is still supple, easy guitar b Ferrero mind is still wise, the Serie A, all of Europe at their feet groaning. If the, if not as a sudden crash hh
do not know the three major players in for the Turin giants silence when players how to hold the complexity of a bittersweet feeling, there is no record that the chairman of the three clubs that nightmare night in what secretly grinning. History records only truthfully, in that after the first plane crash year, Juventus won the second year, Ac Milan win, the fourth year, Inter win hh Since then, the three giants scramble and started a Serie A meal of three separate games.
or Inter Milan will not agree to this statement, Boniperti and Jb Hanson! was just a rookie! landed in his first Serie A season (1949 ~ 1950), he won the league with 35 goals top scorer, broke the Meazza created from 1930 to 1931 season, scoring 31 goals record! to to five years later, this record still seems so far away!
Although the Serie A champions that year, led by 38 games ���������� opponents scored 100 into the wild Juventus won the ball. But with the landing and Nordahl Gunnar Ac Milan b b Niels Liedholm Glen and demonstrated ability to attack the Serie various male still appalled. Sure enough, the next one years, Nordahl has scored 34 goals in Sweden under the leadership of the three male, Ac Milan, scored 107 goals in 44 years after the re-boarded the top spot, which is in the true sense of Ac Milan, Serie A League first win!
1951 ~ 1952 season, Top Gun Nordahl to attack the top scorer in three consecutive, but in the league the last minute, Juventus Jb Hanson more than 26 goals in 30 balls Nordahl, a top scorer, with his Boniperti to lead Juventus beat Ac Milan, regain the league title .1952 ~ 1953 season, the comeback Nordahl top scorer with 26 goals regain the title. the next three years, he bang, winning the Serie A top scorer for three consecutive years, creating a great record of five top scorer.
football game, after all, 11 individuals, although the owner is not such a great Nordahl shooter, there is no such stable Boniperti Ares, after an absence of 13-year-old champion of the Inter Milan team b von Alfredo, led by Nigeria coach, relying Lorenzi, Skoglund, Wilkes, Nyers and others stable The play, a pleasant journey to recapture the 1952 championship season in 1953, the following year, the team won 17 of 20 Youyi negative 51 points Level 3 retained the title. No one denies that Inter Milan is the hardest team in the Apennine! < br> Nordahl Ac Milan lead the 1955 season, won the 1954 league title in 1957 after the move to Rome to continue his goal of life, one year after leaving Serie Nordahl. Nordahl played in 291 games eight years, 225 goals, 212 of which are in the Ac Milan into. Although the total score is less than Piola standings, but his 0.875 goals per game scoring rate in the entire history of non-Serie A its right. Unfortunately, it is a ...

Memories of China Zhang Yining Summer Olympic 100 gold win in the end reveal the dark horse smile

 Athens Olympic Games, the Chinese table tennis player Zhang Yining be champion after rallying cry, to pay tribute to the audience.
Information picture time: August 22, 2004
Location: Athens, Greece
events: Zhang Yining of China Summer Olympic sports delegation won the 100 gold medals.
Beijing the evening of 22 August 2004, Athens, Greece, the Olympic Museum Gala Waters, Twenty-eighth Olympic table tennis women's singles final is under way. The players are competing for the gold medal is ranked the world's first Chinese players Zhang Yining and Kim Hyang Mi Korean players.
semi-finals, when the United States and Hong Jin Li Jia Wei score between the seventh and fixed in 11:9 in the presence of China people suck down cold lump. because the bear's Zhang Yining, the Chinese team gold medal hopes in the Olympic table tennis women's singles final of the Korean players have never met Kami Kim. Kim Hyang Mi of the world's top ten though only fourth, but she shake-hands grip the right hand, is fast and masculine style of play, known as ; Waterloo in a backward situation, but with a rotary ball, Zhang Yining to chase the score to 7 levels. Although the United States of incense flame still ferocious, but the mood there in haste, mistakes constantly, and Zhang Yining continue to play spin the ball, scoring consecutive .11 : 7, Zhang Yining and the next game.
third set, Kim Hyang Mi of two errors by Zhang Yining Zhang Yining ahead of the 2 points will be tied. In the case of a tie, Zhang Yining and continuous control of the ground situation in the attack, and Kim Hyang Mi straight ball on the backhand Zhang Yining no way, a series of errors. In the end, Zhang Yining to 11:2 easily get the big score the third set victory. situation is very beneficial to Zhang Yining.
fourth inning, Kim Hyang Mi of Zhang Yining's play to make tactical adjustments, but the effect is not obvious, Zhang Yining took the score quickly widened to 5:2. attack on Zhang Yining helpless, Kim Hyang Mi Zhang Yining was completely suppressed and did not play their own skills tactical characteristics. In the end, Zhang Yining easily to 11:2 to obtain the fourth inning of the victory, which easily beat the total score of 4:0 incense the United States, won the gold medal.
always stern, stern Zhang Yining brilliant smile, and even to the audience sent a warm kiss.
Zhang Yining never seen such a bright smile, never seen a coach Lu Yuansheng so excited, never seen such a boiling Athens Niagara Waters Stadium. Olympic table tennis women's singles final the scoreboard is still flashing, Zhang Yining has a fist to the sky.
4:0! undisputed victory, and even North Korea to win gold in Hong beautiful face, do not see a trace of regret.
This is indeed a worthy celebrate the victory, which is the Chinese sports delegation to participate in summer Olympic Games since 1984 has accumulated one hundred gold medals obtained.
Xu Haifeng won the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games first gold medal mm men's free pistol gold medal , the Chinese giant to the Olympic gold medal as the carrier, step into the world: the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, 15 gold; the 1988 Seoul Olympics, five gold; 1992 Barcelona Olympics, 16 gold; the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, 16 gold; Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, 28 gold. Who will win the Olympic Chinese sports delegation to the home of the first 100 Summer Olympic medals? Athens Olympics, this is an interesting suspense.
hundred gold medalist Zhang Yining has attracted thousands of sighs: br> Now China has been among the top three Olympic Games, the 2008 Games, the Chinese people should be proud of, is no longer merely a sport.

Chinese Navy in the War of the status and role

 Summary: Anti-Japanese War broke out, the Chinese navy that is targeted for the war preparations. In the war, the navy will
Songhu war, battle, and enemy Houbu Lei Wuhan better performance in both, and has Jiangyin bloody tragic act. However, the Chinese naval power in comparison with Japan is too weak
the Navy, but for various reasons are unable to Army, Air Force, as access to large-scale assistance, therefore, in the war
, even in battle can play a decisive role, but only supporting the Army's tactical forces, and its position not only lower than the Army's
main position, but lower than the Air Force's strategic auxiliary power status. Navy limited the role and status of the underground is Geography of China Central
environmental, historical influence, the National Government's policy decisions, and many other factors, the Air Force's rapid rise has further weakened the Navy to
bit, but the sailors in the war with the Army, Air Force Memorial carried out as a bloody battle with the Japanese, the Chinese insisted that victory in war to make its own contribution
.
Keywords: Naval War
The Role of the war the domestic activities of the Navy research and modest, and some of the major works of war tend to focus on in the Army and Air Force
for the Navy only occasionally mentioned, even if often vaguely referred to, especially after the naval Battle of Wuhan live
action. This gives people a Navy impression of inaction in the war, reflecting on the performance in the community for people on the naval war in the very vague impression of
, just stay on the bloody battle in Jiangyin, but do not know or do not know the Navy other activities. In fact, the Navy played in the war
a more important role, not only the battle front, and is an important part of the battlefield behind enemy lines. but it must be admitted that the role of the Navy
is limited, only in tactics and the army and air force with, is a tactical auxiliary power. Benwen test combined with some historical data on
Navy War role and status of some analysis, and from the geographical environment, historical influence, the perspective of national government policies, the military role of the sea
limited and the low status of interpretation.
seventeen. July Incident, a total of 66 Chinese naval ships, with a total displacement of 68,000 tons; and the total Japanese Navy
120 million tons of displacement, in the number of the Chinese Navy is only about 5% of the Japanese navy. in terms of quality, the Chinese navy has only light cruiser following the various Kennedy
pretty, and new and different, weapons poorly equipped, not only the type of the whole Japanese Navy, including battleships and aircraft carriers with various types of
, including warships, but also a large number of new ships in the making. [1] More important, the Japanese navy's air force also made a huge Force and Marine
team, their leader has a wealth of naval experience, and soldiers are well trained at all levels Guanzuo.
relative strength of the Chinese navy conducted according to this war preparations. First, the revised Japan operational plans, abandoned the landing. transformation of a number of firm. Then plug in Jiangyin resistance
play an important role in fighting the . Third, the Navy stepped up combat training and exercises. [2] These measures are effective to improve the Navy's combat capability, the Chinese navy
early in the war played a positive role.
resistance to the Chinese Navy's Yangtze River basin the main battlefield, the Navy's mission and tactics used in different order
War can be divided into four sections: The first stage is the Battle of Battle of Shanghai and Nanjing, the second phase of the Battle of Wuhan, the third phase of very general in the War of Resistance
stalemate, that is, Wuhan, Guangzhou, the fall of 1945, the fourth stage is the stage of surrender.
the first stage, mainly wreck blocking the Chinese navy, mine blockade tactics. to prevent invasion of the Japanese ship river, the Chinese army to defend the rear wing side
. In Jiangyin, China blocked the cover of naval surface fleet main line, was at naval air attack, suffered heavy losses.
war broke out, the Chinese Navy program that is in accordance with the pre-war back into the river. in the Yangtze region, China Jiangyin building block in the line of the Navy, and sent
ship destroyed except the downstream route signs of Jiangyin. In Songhu area of the Huangpu River into three blocks within the line, while mobilizing forces Manufacturing Department of the Navy Water
Lei, blocked many Gangcha Songhu region, to prevent invasion of the Japanese boat. Songhu Navy also conducted a number of regional operations .8 16
agents, China Yuleikuaiting attack the Japanese Navy's flagship, Cloud the direction of the Navy Shanghai
to the enemy. Japanese br> Chinese Navy fleet blocking the main line of the building cover the work of Jiangyin, the Japanese said: The strong sea-level cruiser l r, l r b Ninghai ship along the Yangtze River threaten
my big ships. so that the fleet command 3 from air operations, whether or blockade, must be hit
off. functions.
have been sunk in the main ship, the Chinese navy had to change the line to defend Jiangyin blocking strategy, decided to demolish the two
guns mounted on the Yangtze River shore, strengthen the construction of Jiangyin fortress, to the waist hit enemy ships. Jiangyin Japanese naval fortress once repelled the attack, but after losing the lead Army to the Japanese cut off the posterior
plug, had to destroy the fortress artillery units to retreat.
At this stage, the Navy except in Jiangyin, Shanghai, the blocking battle, but in Qingdao, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang Zhenhai,
Fujian, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other sunken ships blocking the harbor also carried out. According to the Republic of China Shipping Association survey, the National Government during the war the country
Shen plug acquisition charge a total of 5,297,719 tons of ships blockade. [5]
the second phase of naval war, the navy blockade mainly layout and organization of artillery mines to block the river and created the first
floating mines, and tactical times the enemy Houbu Lei. the Chinese Navy to block the use of large-scale mine at a good-ship victories obtained, because although the powerful Japanese navy,
but recognized its mine-clearance capacity is weak. [6]
After the fall of Nanjing, China Navy to focus on the Yangtze River, with a new blockade. Chinese navy arranged from east to west along the Yangtze River Madang, Hukou - Jiujiang, Tian Jiazhen, Gedian four defensive line, respectively, to set mines in the water blockade, another grouping of artillery Set
fortress artillery positions and destroy the route signs Digang to Hankou. Navy is still sinking into Madang again blocked line. But the Japanese army's defeat led to repeated work
the circuitous tactics, naval fortress artillery positions had to be abandoned, even in Hukou - Jiujiang position on the river has not yet appeared on the case
ship, the Navy was forced to destroy artillery guns to retreat.
in the second phase of the war, the Navy mine-laying team growing role. In addition to the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake mine set up within the cordon
, but also in the light falling on the basis of mine to design a drift mine, in September 1938 for the first time in the new continent, Wuxue along the river use,
sinking two Japanese ships, and attack behind enemy lines in the same month, in the arrangement of floating mines Guichi 60. [7] and during the Battle of Wuhan, the Chinese navy has sunk
, strike Japanese ships and transport vessels injured a total of more than 50 ships and more than 10 Japanese aircraft shot down aircraft. [8] and then the few remaining naval surface ships
boats also played a role. Hukou after the fall, Navy Yuleikuaiting attack attack Japanese ship three times, or send a ship as a military commission
transport tasks, basically no combat missions. As Ge Jian lack of air defense weapons, and no air cover,
attack machine in Japan suffered heavy losses.
entered the Navy in the war Stage 3, the Navy rely mainly on building defensive works team fortress defense artillery and mine Jingjiang, Yangtze River, Xiangjiang River and Lake Cave
court to prevent the Japanese Navy and Army with further violations, while mine sent teams behind enemy lines to disrupt the Japanese Yangtze River Water Transport Exchange
pass. In the year 1940, the Japanese total of 80 ships sunk by mines. [9] naval air due to lack of necessary equipment, on Machine in
suffered heavy losses under air attack, although China after the outbreak of war in the Pacific, the Navy accepted the United States, Britain and France presented the five rivers
gunboats, but the total is only 14, and the lack of weapons and equipment, deployed mainly in the Yangtze River, etc., inability to Japanese attack. [ ,],[Angeles, Yueyang and Yichang; and several battle in Hunan, the Japanese navy was no breakthrough in the Chinese navy
law minefield. But by 1944, the Japanese seem to have enhanced ability to mine, broke through the minefield. < br> in other Chinese coastal provinces, except the initial congestion naval operations, there are other activities, but the stage is not obvious.
in Shandong in the first three fleets, ships from the sink, the Marine Corps to participate in to stay in Shandong guerrilla warfare, and the remaining officers and men of the south to the Yangtze River basin, in defense of Wu Han and the Yangtze River
. in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, the Navy's activities are more mines were deployed to the provinces and the establishment of Fort team. But three
Province War and have different characteristics. in Zhejiang, is laying the main activities and artillery defense; Fujian Marines guarding the island,
anti-landing operations, Strikes Back, played an important role, and make some pseudo- Army anyway. [11] Chinese navy stationed in Guangdong Fleet
four early in the war to attack twice, and achieved an sinking Japanese destroyer, destroying the battery, four of the record, [12] behind enemy lines, guerrilla cloth
Ray also obtained some victories.
In addition, the Navy also organized teams for the protection of the Yangtze River mine safety and the elimination of the rear channel blockade in the Japanese army in the coastal port of mines planted
. In addition, Marines Hunan and other places in the team take the main road and protect the work of bandits.
end of the war, the Navy began to surrender, to receive goods and naval facilities Puppet Navy, receiving between Kinmen and Xiamen, Taiwan, Penghu, naval bases, etc..
removing the Yangtze River and coastal mines, etc., clear path to ensure the security and armed forces to resume normal shipping water transport. In addition, gifts received
ship by the United States and Britain to rebuild the water south to the South China Sea Fleet and the islands of recovered Paracel, Spratly Islands . destroyed the Japanese Navy Memorial in Japan in the Sino
items over the Northern Fleet and the Navy to recover lost property, meeting the Japanese surrender firm, became the new
sensational news. [13]
II
in the war, the comparison of Chinese and Japanese naval power was too poor, the quality of the same period, although not as good as the Japanese army, but after all, has tens of millions of young soldiers
farmers can supplement, but also familiar with the geographical environment and Advantages deal with the Japanese troops. Therefore, the National Government
abandon offshore sea battle strategies, and decided to implement a protracted war on the mainland. Since then the capital of China, and some important
provisional capital cities are located in the Yangtze River basin, The national government's main strategy is to attract the Japanese in central China along the Yangtze River westward offensive, so
Chinese navy's main task is to help land the Air Force deployed along the Yangtze River, blocking the Japanese navy.
in the history of the National Government ,1926 -1927 on the years of civil war, in the immediate counter attack warlord Sun Chuan-fang and Tang Sheng-chih's
punitive expedition battle, the Navy cut off the enemy in the north-south links to spearhead prompted the collapse of the enemy, has played an important role. [14] and this
Army alone several battles proved almost impossible to stop the naval battle along the Yangtze River upstream. In the course of war, naval forces also proved
his blocking is effective, because every mostly abandoned naval zone of the defeat of the Army or the result of the withdrawal, but
not breaking the Japanese naval zone caused the collapse front. forest cover, the Navy has also changed several times to force the Japanese war plan, to give up land for
war, and the implementation of the Army circuitous or penetration, which wiped out the Chinese Army has created opportunities. For example, in Japanese entitled Dredging work is extremely difficult to progress en route, plus the frequent enemy air attacks, forcing the detachment of the wave field to give up the river by the
attack changed in the June 24 landing in Hong mouth and started along the road to the Hukou onslaught from the south. Changsha will
the first war, the Japanese minefield to bypass the Chinese navy, had to use small boats to carry a small amount of supplies distributed landing, although the moment to succeed, but
for the scattered strength, but to wipe out the Chinese army division. [16]
tactics of the Chinese navy's floating mines and enemy activities against the Japanese Hou Bulei water transport, forcing the Japanese repeatedly declared in the Yangtze River suspended or restricted
route, even if the navigation channel can not guarantee safety. As of July 1943, in respect of the Wuhu Yangtze River to the Hukou, Jiujiang to Hankow, Han
mouth to Yueyang three regions, the Chinese navy attack force of 93 times mine, mine drainage cloth 1600, sank 156 Japanese ships vessels. [17] In addition
several naval battles in stalemate Bray also stepped up in order to echo the Army's operations. For example, in the winter 1939 offensive,
Madang Chinese army counter-offensive, the Navy of the Yangtze River Bray team take the initiative to coordinate the Army's attack and retreat. [18] and in other parts of the mine-laying activities
also made a more significant effect of the Pearl River in Guangdong .1943 cloth laying mines sunk by the pseudo-force the Navy commander of the Guangdong to Hong Kong Ministry
flagship the Japanese revenge. repeatedly against the Japanese along the Yangtze River is not only mine teams base, and extremely cruel treatment of captured
officers .1940 mine, at the Yangtze River naval mine-laying mission team scout Benny Chan was born in Lake < br> mouth captured, reflected in three aspects:
First, the defense early stages of war, the navy to help the army fight, delay or prevent the Japanese Navy, especially along the Yangtze River
straight into the long drive to the mainland to thwart the invasion of their quick-fix strategy and forced the Japanese to change tactics several times, a large roundabout with the Army, and then use the Chinese mainland
military advantages of geographical advantage and destroy the enemy forces to create the conditions. Naval War although the initial retreat continued, but slow the Japanese
along the Yangtze River upstream speed, the cover of the Beijing-Shanghai and the Yangtze River area factories and enterprises, strategic materials moved westward to Sichuan, China continues to maintain the economic base of operations
contributed.
Second, War stand-off, the Navy continued to mine the battlefield in front of the Japanese naval blockade, and stick to the fortress fort, so that at sea
Army can not fully match with the Army's role in the stability of the battlefield in order to maintain a positive, defeat the Japanese army to expand aggression to make a certain contribution
offer. battlefields in the enemy's rear area, the Navy implemented the paragraphs in the fall of the Yangtze River guerrilla mines, attacked the Japanese ships and transport ships, not only the Japanese can not make full use of waterways
logistics and the elimination of part of the Japanese forces, but also the positive coordinate battlefield operations behind enemy lines as
an important part of the battlefield.
Thirdly, the Chinese navy and the war against Japanese naval forces to contain the part of the support the Pacific and Southeast Asia war, a battle contact
Japan, the Pacific war, Southeast Asia, a link the battlefield, [21] Although this relatively weak link.
Although the Navy's role is important and can not be replaced, but the activities of the Navy also have significant limitations. First of all, the Navy's activities by geographical conditions, serious
weight restrictions, few lakes and rivers in the north region, the Navy is extremely limited room for maneuver, Shandong's Third Fleet
south to the officers and men the collective proof of this. Second, the Navy's activities can not rely on the cover of the army to play an independent role. War fortress building defensive works early
Navy lost several times because the Army was forced to abandon after the Japanese opponent posterior . Navy's mine-laying activities in a large extent also depends on
the cover of the Army, early 1945's and the Min River mine is temporarily unable to perform tasks, such as the Army offensive succeeded, to restore the original position, then the team that entered the
the original anti-mines, mines will be re-blockage of the river. [22] while in the Army need more cover for the enemy Houbu Lei not only mines
by the Army is responsible for transport, but the lack of self-defense force Bray team must cover by the Army to survive and mission behind enemy lines. Navy
great impact of these vulnerabilities status and role of the Navy .
three
in the Sino-Japanese War, the Army is the main force fighting the Japanese army, navy and air force are auxiliary army forces, from that point of view, the Navy's land
bit lower than the Army, but the Air Force equal. But in fact, supporting the Air Force is the main force, and has a strategic nature; and sea
military is less important, but tactical auxiliary power. This classification based primarily on each of the three armies in the war in carried out the role.
before the war, the Chinese and Japanese Army and Navy, Army and Navy are not a small gap, but the Chinese mainland are very large and diverse topography, population, public
more, and far fewer Chinese army more than the Japanese Army; resume fighting from the perspective of the Navy long construction period, the level of national industrial
high demand that was impossible in China, and China's coastline during the war the Japanese navy was completely blocked,
take foreign aid dispute is unrealistic. In contrast, in terms of personnel or equipment, the Army have been more fully recharge, war or even the late
American equipment and training all Army divisions, the Army overall combat effectiveness and even a little bit of leveling out with the Japanese.
As science and technology and industrial development, the Air Force as a new type of force is the rapid development, not only can co land (sea) surface
operations, but also use their mobility for quick transport, aerial reconnaissance and implementation of large-scale strategic bombing mission, so that the warring parties to win air supremacy
regarded as an important condition for victory. China is one of the earlier establishment of the Air Force, the National Government Air Force
attaches great importance to the development of pre-war great efforts to build not only the Air Force, and Air Force during the war, is strongly for foreign aid. At the time, Aviation Committee hired consultants
American Legion Captain Chennault Air Force to fight in foreign aid to China and improved tactics played an important role.
after America entered the war to the Chinese Air Force to provide a large number of weapons and equipment to help train pilots in China and sent directly to the 14th Air Force stationed in China. This
late for the Chinese Air Force to win control of the air war create the conditions.
eight-year war, the Chinese Air Force (not including the Soviet aid to China Volunteer Force and the U.S. Air Force) mission a total of 4260 times, which attack 3653
times, detection 219, 346 air defense and control of the air cover times, flew 19,542 sorties. [23] In the strategy, the United States before the war, the Chinese mainland Japan
Air Force air operations there, so were the Japanese mainland for the first time a foreign aircraft After America entered the war, the Air Force base
mainland China as U.S. strategic bombers bases in mainland Japan and Taiwan, the Chinese Air Force to provide ground support
and some logistical assistance, but also bear some of the other bombing missions . Meanwhile, the Chinese Air Force has also undertaken important aid channel
China Hump the opening, security work and some of the transport tasks, break the Japanese blockade of China's strategy. In the air war, the Japanese attack
rear base, the rear lines of communication and collaboration ground combat, the Chinese Air Force has made no small success. eight years, the Chinese Air Force in aerial combat
592 enemy planes shot down, battered and possibly shot down 95 enemy planes, bomb destroyed 540 enemy ground, hit enemy aircraft and possibly blow up
125; in the destruction of the enemy lines of communication, as well as direct combat with the army, destroying and hit all kinds of vessels 8346, destroying and re-record motorcycle
and various types of vehicles, 6855 (Taiwan), destroyed and 307 bridges hit, attack Japanese positions and barracks 838, destroying public
factory, warehouse, a total of 904 military depot, killed 31,466 Japanese soldiers. [25 ] if coupled with the Soviet Union Volunteer Force and U.S. Air Force
of 14 victories, then the more glorious victories. From the perspective of victories achieved, far greater than the Navy's role in the Air Force.
In addition, the Air Force combat less defensive topographical constraints, do not need too much with the Army and Air Force fighter appears to boost the morale of the army
, better use of their mobility to assist the implementation of air and airborne army. as in the Western Campaign, the Air Force put all of the United States training equipment and training-type heart
6 Western military air to the war, the victory in the battle to win play an important role in
it must be admitted that, after the war began a long period of time, the Air Force has not been able win air supremacy, and gradually reduced in the Soviet Union cut off aid to China until
, while the U.S. has not yet entered the war period, the Chinese Air Force because of continuous fighting, heavy losses and lack of access to add,
autumn is essentially unable to fight back the Japanese .1940 end of the year and the year 1941, the Chinese air force out of the only 3 times. [26] Therefore, when the
in this period, the Navy played a more important role. But after 1942, with the advent of large-scale U.S. aid, Air Force's strength has been restored and
development and gradually seized control of the air, down the importance of the Navy. In 1944, the long battle in the balance, although the naval blockade in the Xiangjiang River
in Japanese mines, but the Japanese Navy After a small mine in about 20 days the cost of clearing the channel, and the Xiangjiang River water to the Japanese war
served as a major gateway. The United States Air Force air while filling the Japanese suffered heavy losses, not only logistics repeated strikes, but suffered a strong front-line troops
air, once to stop attacks, [27] and stop the daytime, and had to rely on night operations.
[28]
It can be seen , Air Force, both defensive and offensive characteristics can be used to make the main naval defense dwarfs, and both sides in the war's status
compete with out also can be judged.
four
in the war, the Navy no doubt played a major role, but it is undeniable that the role of the Navy has a lot of limitations
of. This is mainly reflected in the Navy played a limited role in support of tactical, not strategic nature. War is still early naval force, when the main
, supporting role in the collaborative nature of operations is relatively obvious; Jiangyin bloody battle, due to the loss of naval surface ships main
lost and exhausted, the actual naval combat to help the Army belong to the army is fighting with. Navy and direction for the course of the war can not afford to make
with decisive, not only that, the battle is not at all play a decisive role. Wuhan, the Japanese along the Yangtze River during the Battle of reasons for the slow upstream operations
addition to blocking the Navy, there is one important reason is that the Chinese Air Force air strikes frequently. War stalemate
Hunan province served in several wars, such as winning the first battle of Changsha, the main reason that the Navy is not The destruction of the Japanese water coordination [29] and the main
mainly due to the Japanese offensive operations to contain only tactical, not strategic offensive, the first Battle of Changsha (the Japanese call br> Gordon Battle military attack and retreat too quickly with the Navy does not need.
Chinese navy's role in the war greatly influenced the status of the auxiliary force tactical m m below the ground is not only the main position, and
and the auxiliary power is lower than the Air Force's strategic position. Although the integrity of the Navy officers and men of war no less heroic than the other two armed services, but the level of the status of
determined not by integrity. In fact, the Navy in the war can play the role and status achieved by the geographical environment,
history of the National Government's policy and the development of military technology advances such as the result of multiple factors.
position of China and the overall In ancient geography east China sea barrier, blocking the west desert mountains, the main threat is the Ministry of Foreign
nomads in northern steppe zone, and the wars in Chinese history mainly marine-based. lack of stimulation in the sea countries
feudal dynasty rulers and soldiers, scientists are and poverty m m relative to China, so China has no overseas expansion but also the driving force. So there since ancient times in China
to sea without proof of the state. After entering the modern era, in the West , the Qing government have spent great efforts to establish a
fleet, but the old feudal system led to the Ming Chuan from the Navy also recover. Republican civil wars, on the one hand
is the local government attaches great importance during the Civil War can play a role in the Army and Air Force, Navy, have been ignored in the development of the Navy ships not afford to buy the first
into the other, so that the slow development of China's heavy industry, the development of the Navy unable to provide a strong industrial base.
and Japan's situation is different. As an island nation, the Navy is to defend Japan's territory and a major force in foreign expansion. After Japan was forced open
States, recognizing the importance of a modern army vigorously building the navy, the Sino and Russo-Japanese victory more to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Japanese naval construction
. to the First World War, Japan has built the world's third largest navy, naval power far beyond China.
vast Chinese mainland, the diversity of landscape, population the many and vast army, the army as the main force for China on the mainland to carry out guerrilla warfare support
Jiuzhan and provide the necessary conditions. and the sea, air power is relatively weak, and it can not afford a decisive role in the war .
south of the country in the lakes, many rivers, especially in the Yangtze River, the longer leg, and went to inland China, which for the Chinese navy back into the river provides a handy
operations. As the progress of military technology , increasing the role of the Air Force to win air superiority both in terms of defensive or offensive
are very important. National Government attaches great importance to the development of the Air Force, in the pre-war military spending, the Air Force, although less than the Army,
But far more than the Navy. [31] the rise and widespread use of the Air Force has also affected the role and status of the Navy.
National Government's policy on naval Navy disadvantage. national government was set to before the war in a state of civil war in China actually Therefore, the National
government attaches great importance to the land directly involved in the civil war, the Air Force's development. Meanwhile, the Navy split into three factions inside though, but have a strong
independence, as the Chiang Kai-shek not to for the direct descendant, nor support their development, but mine waste of money creation power school, as a direct descendant of Navy training
cradle of the future. And after the war, on the pretext of reform, the former navy commander exclusion Shao-Kuan Chen, and
loyalists put his generals. This is the Navy before the war an important cause of developmental delay.
War period, China's tight blockade of the coastline by the Japanese navy, the Chinese navy is difficult to obtain foreign aid; and coastal shipyards, dock after the fall,
the Navy can not build or repair ships. This situation also limits the Navy's role in the play.
Historiography essay contest entries

Title: The Chinese Navy in the War The role and status of
: Fu Xin
Department Level: 2000
Instructor: Hao Zhang
[1] Qin day, Huo Xiaoyong, University Press, 2000, p. 222.
[2] the history of Dian-sheng, Shi-based, .
[3] General Command of the Navy National Government Code, 316-317 pages. Another way of saying is sister ship instead. See Xinhai, War History Room, book editorial committee, 1970, p. 1000.
[6] Hai-Bo Hu, ] .
[9] Shao-Kuan Chen, p. 273.
[10] Shao-Kuan Chen, Board editor of the The third Council of Kan-ping Xiang, Naval War History

Several aspects of hotel management a number of ideas

 Several aspects of the hotel management of
outline some ideas:
an overview of
Second, internal management
1, the basic management of the hotel
2, the hotel management
material 3, the hotel
three economic management, the hotel's external marketing some of the ideas
1, business positioning
2, marketing systematic
3, file system clients to establish
4, special time marketing efforts
four, multi-channel development of hotel business channels and expand the hotel business projects
1, the close relationship between tourism and the hotel and strengths;
(1) trends in the hotel industry needs;
(2) the mutual protection of each other;
2, the steps to carry out tourism;
(1) institution-building;
(2) staff recruitment and training;
3, business travel business specific programs;
(1) strengthen the publicity work;
(2) make the system of the hotels and tourist travel;
(3) develop the relationship with the area;
(4) fight for part of the Dujiangyan scenic spot to Jietuan;
(5) communicate with each other in two ways;
(6) gradually from the group of groups, FIT;
(7) prepare the systematization of information work;
V. Summary of
: Li Lin
Unit: Dujiangyan City hotel association have
Abstract: This article from the exterior and internal management and external business development aspects of a number of years, according to their own work experience and made a theoretical study of some shallow, also refer to a number of hotel management professional books. Because of its limited, there are some wrong with the text given, please also criticized the correction for the sense of the instructor.
Keywords: tourism hotel management idea of multi-channel marketing
an overview of general
large majority of the tourism industry consists of three components: hotels, travel company (travel agencies) and tourism traffic, as one of the three hotels this session is a very important part, whether star hotel or non star hotel, whether large or small, all aspects of management are more complex. According to the hotel industry in the years of theoretical study and practice management experience, that this management can focus it into two: internal management and external promotions. the one hand by strengthening internal management, improve the quality of all aspects of hotel management is the foundation level; and take the appropriate means to improve external marketing activities are the soul of Hotel Management. the use of existing hardware, facilities, social and economic benefits to maximize the ultimate goal of all management.
hotel a good addition to their own internal operations, there is now more and more attention to tourism development food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment all-round package, so to expand hotel business channels, the development of a variety of business operators in the hotel is placed in front of a new topic.
Second, the internal management of the hotel, it can be divided into three parts:
1, the first part of the basic management of the hotel, as some staff out of personnel management; health management; incentive and some rules and regulations and the establishment of personal responsibility. is to protect the basis of normal operating order. Popular speaking, the rules and regulations to achieve the ultimate goal: teach people what can and what can not do, in addition to the church staff how to do the service standards, operating procedures, the staff put on a standardized, standards and procedures of this road.
2, the second part of the material management of the hotel, the hotel's material (excluding non-mobile hardware outside) there are hundreds of species, but a large part of the consumables and is suitable for home use, easy to damage and lost, therefore, strict management system of material is very important to a work.
3, the third part is the hotel's economic management system, it requires to achieve the purpose of financial funds from the cash register point of return, and then spending to form a closed loop system healthy and can not divert the traffic. funds in a planned and reasonable use of the controlled to ensure normal operation of the hotel operation.
above three major aspects of the management of ideas, in the concrete work,UGG shoes, we require management of each specific thing can do any planning in the former and achieve the understand this idea, consistent, so that management unobstructed, close to effectively organize people to accomplish everything, the better the management of their own.
Third, the hotel's external marketing efforts of some of the ideas
the actual situation is different for each hotel, so the external sales of the system have different hotels in different ways and their own position, but the common points that should do the following:
1, business orientation: make own business early position and orientation as its own marketing, according to the starting point for the corresponding source. As the hotel industry, the fundamental, to provide customers with products, source of an important bargaining chip.
2, systematic marketing, marketing is not simply a sense of the concept of home sales should be based on their own circumstances, for some potential tourists, to develop a long-term marketing programs, and strictly follow the to prepare everything.
3, build their own client system files, using the system regularly visit customers to establish a business relationship more than emotional relationships.
4, take full advantage of some of holidays and other special days, such as: New Year's Day, Mid-Autumn Festival, Christmas, etc., to carry out some promotional activities, mutual discussion and further improve relations.
four, multi-channel development of hotel business channels and expand the hotel business projects
1, Tourism and Hospitality the close relationship and complementary
because of the tourism industry itself consists of three parts: hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and tour transport. and the three interdependent and promote each other, work together to build the operating environment of the tourism industry. Remove Shopping not elaborate on, travel agencies and restaurants, as two important components of tourism, are inextricably linked. Dujiangyan there are many examples: the first system, CTS CTS CTS Dujiangyan hotels and clubs and sticks Gold Leaf Hotel now doing better and gold leaf travel. The combination between the two have the following advantages:
(1) increasing emphasis on the development of the hotel in addition to food, housing, entertainment outside of the supporting services, such as: travel, shopping, transportation, and business activities. Tourism intervention hotel guests actually stay on the one hand meet the needs in this regard, on the other hand the business for the hotel added a project.
(2) the basis for protection as a tourist hotel, giving a power feelings, not only for their own travel business activities can provide tourist hotels, restaurants, tourism can also provide the basis for the guarantee.
In short, the combination of tourism and the hotel is a very good development trend, complementary and mutually reinforcing. < br> 2, the steps to carry out tourism travel in accordance with relevant laws and regulations
, to be carried out from the following aspects of the work:
(1) institution-building
as branches in Chengdu and suggest the best Dujiangyan set up two points. Chengdu point to as a tourist agency office will serve as a hotel sales department in Chengdu, the hotel's point in the declaration of Dujiangyan Tourism Bureau, the approval can be sold as a tourist, and two departments in Dujiangyan common office space. who can multi-skill, two things to do together.
(2) recruitment and training:
institutions, the immediate recruitment and training of the proposed recruitment know the best knowledge of the tourism industry and provincial laws and regulations and has guided the certificate, and then from the instrument appearance, courtesy and other basic requirements of starting, rigorous training in all aspects related to tourism knowledge content, the training of a good team of excellent quality tourism practitioners. < br> 3, the tourism business specific programs
(1) structure after the completion of the construction workers, recommended to first make their own propaganda work, according to the actual situation, to prepare their own publicity materials, to gradually build up their own image.
(3) full use of the hotel in Dujiangyan advantages of local relationships with the three major scenic spots, Aba Hotel a few lines and where the area of the system to establish good relations and strive to obtain more preferential policies.
(4) In addition to the development of the tourist hotels and systems outside the hotel to play advantage, to strive for an external source, and its affiliates to contact travel agencies in Chengdu, Dujiangyan trying to do to take part Group work.
(5) to take two communication: First, all clients and colleagues come to visit travel agencies and with the signing of related agreements; Second, please open the forum back to the hotel, restaurant and travel agent site describes the hardware and software situation, to communicate emotions and to promote mutual understanding.
(6) step by step, more mature in all aspects, the fight for self-group organizations and individual.
(7) do our customers, travel agents and tourist routes of the material order and systematic records of work, regular or irregular contact them.
V. Summary
Dujiangyan Tourism Bureau under the incomplete statistics, every year nearly 500 million population into Dujiangyan tourism, hotels and tourism is still quite visible in this market The tourists can go for and mining, the key is to make sure their work, the team must be strong, have a strong sense of responsibility and entrepreneurial spirit. The hotel management is a science, so for 8 years, is deeply There are many things to go to learn and understand. but that make the management of the first in a planned and systematic manner, in-house services and strive to achieve the standardization procedures, and services must be distinctive, change and innovation. managers to closely unite everyone to strive to complete each task.
the future, we will hotel operators and tour operators closely linked to play both the advantages of multi-
legs to walk, to create greater social benefits and economic benefits. for the development of tourism in Dujiangyan contribute their own efforts!