Chinese Navy in the War of the status and role

 Summary: Anti-Japanese War broke out, the Chinese navy that is targeted for the war preparations. In the war, the navy will
Songhu war, battle, and enemy Houbu Lei Wuhan better performance in both, and has Jiangyin bloody tragic act. However, the Chinese naval power in comparison with Japan is too weak
the Navy, but for various reasons are unable to Army, Air Force, as access to large-scale assistance, therefore, in the war
, even in battle can play a decisive role, but only supporting the Army's tactical forces, and its position not only lower than the Army's
main position, but lower than the Air Force's strategic auxiliary power status. Navy limited the role and status of the underground is Geography of China Central
environmental, historical influence, the National Government's policy decisions, and many other factors, the Air Force's rapid rise has further weakened the Navy to
bit, but the sailors in the war with the Army, Air Force Memorial carried out as a bloody battle with the Japanese, the Chinese insisted that victory in war to make its own contribution
.
Keywords: Naval War
The Role of the war the domestic activities of the Navy research and modest, and some of the major works of war tend to focus on in the Army and Air Force
for the Navy only occasionally mentioned, even if often vaguely referred to, especially after the naval Battle of Wuhan live
action. This gives people a Navy impression of inaction in the war, reflecting on the performance in the community for people on the naval war in the very vague impression of
, just stay on the bloody battle in Jiangyin, but do not know or do not know the Navy other activities. In fact, the Navy played in the war
a more important role, not only the battle front, and is an important part of the battlefield behind enemy lines. but it must be admitted that the role of the Navy
is limited, only in tactics and the army and air force with, is a tactical auxiliary power. Benwen test combined with some historical data on
Navy War role and status of some analysis, and from the geographical environment, historical influence, the perspective of national government policies, the military role of the sea
limited and the low status of interpretation.
seventeen. July Incident, a total of 66 Chinese naval ships, with a total displacement of 68,000 tons; and the total Japanese Navy
120 million tons of displacement, in the number of the Chinese Navy is only about 5% of the Japanese navy. in terms of quality, the Chinese navy has only light cruiser following the various Kennedy
pretty, and new and different, weapons poorly equipped, not only the type of the whole Japanese Navy, including battleships and aircraft carriers with various types of
, including warships, but also a large number of new ships in the making. [1] More important, the Japanese navy's air force also made a huge Force and Marine
team, their leader has a wealth of naval experience, and soldiers are well trained at all levels Guanzuo.
relative strength of the Chinese navy conducted according to this war preparations. First, the revised Japan operational plans, abandoned the landing. transformation of a number of firm. Then plug in Jiangyin resistance
play an important role in fighting the . Third, the Navy stepped up combat training and exercises. [2] These measures are effective to improve the Navy's combat capability, the Chinese navy
early in the war played a positive role.
resistance to the Chinese Navy's Yangtze River basin the main battlefield, the Navy's mission and tactics used in different order
War can be divided into four sections: The first stage is the Battle of Battle of Shanghai and Nanjing, the second phase of the Battle of Wuhan, the third phase of very general in the War of Resistance
stalemate, that is, Wuhan, Guangzhou, the fall of 1945, the fourth stage is the stage of surrender.
the first stage, mainly wreck blocking the Chinese navy, mine blockade tactics. to prevent invasion of the Japanese ship river, the Chinese army to defend the rear wing side
. In Jiangyin, China blocked the cover of naval surface fleet main line, was at naval air attack, suffered heavy losses.
war broke out, the Chinese Navy program that is in accordance with the pre-war back into the river. in the Yangtze region, China Jiangyin building block in the line of the Navy, and sent
ship destroyed except the downstream route signs of Jiangyin. In Songhu area of the Huangpu River into three blocks within the line, while mobilizing forces Manufacturing Department of the Navy Water
Lei, blocked many Gangcha Songhu region, to prevent invasion of the Japanese boat. Songhu Navy also conducted a number of regional operations .8 16
agents, China Yuleikuaiting attack the Japanese Navy's flagship, Cloud the direction of the Navy Shanghai
to the enemy. Japanese br> Chinese Navy fleet blocking the main line of the building cover the work of Jiangyin, the Japanese said: The strong sea-level cruiser l r, l r b Ninghai ship along the Yangtze River threaten
my big ships. so that the fleet command 3 from air operations, whether or blockade, must be hit
off. functions.
have been sunk in the main ship, the Chinese navy had to change the line to defend Jiangyin blocking strategy, decided to demolish the two
guns mounted on the Yangtze River shore, strengthen the construction of Jiangyin fortress, to the waist hit enemy ships. Jiangyin Japanese naval fortress once repelled the attack, but after losing the lead Army to the Japanese cut off the posterior
plug, had to destroy the fortress artillery units to retreat.
At this stage, the Navy except in Jiangyin, Shanghai, the blocking battle, but in Qingdao, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang Zhenhai,
Fujian, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other sunken ships blocking the harbor also carried out. According to the Republic of China Shipping Association survey, the National Government during the war the country
Shen plug acquisition charge a total of 5,297,719 tons of ships blockade. [5]
the second phase of naval war, the navy blockade mainly layout and organization of artillery mines to block the river and created the first
floating mines, and tactical times the enemy Houbu Lei. the Chinese Navy to block the use of large-scale mine at a good-ship victories obtained, because although the powerful Japanese navy,
but recognized its mine-clearance capacity is weak. [6]
After the fall of Nanjing, China Navy to focus on the Yangtze River, with a new blockade. Chinese navy arranged from east to west along the Yangtze River Madang, Hukou - Jiujiang, Tian Jiazhen, Gedian four defensive line, respectively, to set mines in the water blockade, another grouping of artillery Set
fortress artillery positions and destroy the route signs Digang to Hankou. Navy is still sinking into Madang again blocked line. But the Japanese army's defeat led to repeated work
the circuitous tactics, naval fortress artillery positions had to be abandoned, even in Hukou - Jiujiang position on the river has not yet appeared on the case
ship, the Navy was forced to destroy artillery guns to retreat.
in the second phase of the war, the Navy mine-laying team growing role. In addition to the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake mine set up within the cordon
, but also in the light falling on the basis of mine to design a drift mine, in September 1938 for the first time in the new continent, Wuxue along the river use,
sinking two Japanese ships, and attack behind enemy lines in the same month, in the arrangement of floating mines Guichi 60. [7] and during the Battle of Wuhan, the Chinese navy has sunk
, strike Japanese ships and transport vessels injured a total of more than 50 ships and more than 10 Japanese aircraft shot down aircraft. [8] and then the few remaining naval surface ships
boats also played a role. Hukou after the fall, Navy Yuleikuaiting attack attack Japanese ship three times, or send a ship as a military commission
transport tasks, basically no combat missions. As Ge Jian lack of air defense weapons, and no air cover,
attack machine in Japan suffered heavy losses.
entered the Navy in the war Stage 3, the Navy rely mainly on building defensive works team fortress defense artillery and mine Jingjiang, Yangtze River, Xiangjiang River and Lake Cave
court to prevent the Japanese Navy and Army with further violations, while mine sent teams behind enemy lines to disrupt the Japanese Yangtze River Water Transport Exchange
pass. In the year 1940, the Japanese total of 80 ships sunk by mines. [9] naval air due to lack of necessary equipment, on Machine in
suffered heavy losses under air attack, although China after the outbreak of war in the Pacific, the Navy accepted the United States, Britain and France presented the five rivers
gunboats, but the total is only 14, and the lack of weapons and equipment, deployed mainly in the Yangtze River, etc., inability to Japanese attack. [ ,],[Angeles, Yueyang and Yichang; and several battle in Hunan, the Japanese navy was no breakthrough in the Chinese navy
law minefield. But by 1944, the Japanese seem to have enhanced ability to mine, broke through the minefield. < br> in other Chinese coastal provinces, except the initial congestion naval operations, there are other activities, but the stage is not obvious.
in Shandong in the first three fleets, ships from the sink, the Marine Corps to participate in to stay in Shandong guerrilla warfare, and the remaining officers and men of the south to the Yangtze River basin, in defense of Wu Han and the Yangtze River
. in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, the Navy's activities are more mines were deployed to the provinces and the establishment of Fort team. But three
Province War and have different characteristics. in Zhejiang, is laying the main activities and artillery defense; Fujian Marines guarding the island,
anti-landing operations, Strikes Back, played an important role, and make some pseudo- Army anyway. [11] Chinese navy stationed in Guangdong Fleet
four early in the war to attack twice, and achieved an sinking Japanese destroyer, destroying the battery, four of the record, [12] behind enemy lines, guerrilla cloth
Ray also obtained some victories.
In addition, the Navy also organized teams for the protection of the Yangtze River mine safety and the elimination of the rear channel blockade in the Japanese army in the coastal port of mines planted
. In addition, Marines Hunan and other places in the team take the main road and protect the work of bandits.
end of the war, the Navy began to surrender, to receive goods and naval facilities Puppet Navy, receiving between Kinmen and Xiamen, Taiwan, Penghu, naval bases, etc..
removing the Yangtze River and coastal mines, etc., clear path to ensure the security and armed forces to resume normal shipping water transport. In addition, gifts received
ship by the United States and Britain to rebuild the water south to the South China Sea Fleet and the islands of recovered Paracel, Spratly Islands . destroyed the Japanese Navy Memorial in Japan in the Sino
items over the Northern Fleet and the Navy to recover lost property, meeting the Japanese surrender firm, became the new
sensational news. [13]
II
in the war, the comparison of Chinese and Japanese naval power was too poor, the quality of the same period, although not as good as the Japanese army, but after all, has tens of millions of young soldiers
farmers can supplement, but also familiar with the geographical environment and Advantages deal with the Japanese troops. Therefore, the National Government
abandon offshore sea battle strategies, and decided to implement a protracted war on the mainland. Since then the capital of China, and some important
provisional capital cities are located in the Yangtze River basin, The national government's main strategy is to attract the Japanese in central China along the Yangtze River westward offensive, so
Chinese navy's main task is to help land the Air Force deployed along the Yangtze River, blocking the Japanese navy.
in the history of the National Government ,1926 -1927 on the years of civil war, in the immediate counter attack warlord Sun Chuan-fang and Tang Sheng-chih's
punitive expedition battle, the Navy cut off the enemy in the north-south links to spearhead prompted the collapse of the enemy, has played an important role. [14] and this
Army alone several battles proved almost impossible to stop the naval battle along the Yangtze River upstream. In the course of war, naval forces also proved
his blocking is effective, because every mostly abandoned naval zone of the defeat of the Army or the result of the withdrawal, but
not breaking the Japanese naval zone caused the collapse front. forest cover, the Navy has also changed several times to force the Japanese war plan, to give up land for
war, and the implementation of the Army circuitous or penetration, which wiped out the Chinese Army has created opportunities. For example, in Japanese entitled Dredging work is extremely difficult to progress en route, plus the frequent enemy air attacks, forcing the detachment of the wave field to give up the river by the
attack changed in the June 24 landing in Hong mouth and started along the road to the Hukou onslaught from the south. Changsha will
the first war, the Japanese minefield to bypass the Chinese navy, had to use small boats to carry a small amount of supplies distributed landing, although the moment to succeed, but
for the scattered strength, but to wipe out the Chinese army division. [16]
tactics of the Chinese navy's floating mines and enemy activities against the Japanese Hou Bulei water transport, forcing the Japanese repeatedly declared in the Yangtze River suspended or restricted
route, even if the navigation channel can not guarantee safety. As of July 1943, in respect of the Wuhu Yangtze River to the Hukou, Jiujiang to Hankow, Han
mouth to Yueyang three regions, the Chinese navy attack force of 93 times mine, mine drainage cloth 1600, sank 156 Japanese ships vessels. [17] In addition
several naval battles in stalemate Bray also stepped up in order to echo the Army's operations. For example, in the winter 1939 offensive,
Madang Chinese army counter-offensive, the Navy of the Yangtze River Bray team take the initiative to coordinate the Army's attack and retreat. [18] and in other parts of the mine-laying activities
also made a more significant effect of the Pearl River in Guangdong .1943 cloth laying mines sunk by the pseudo-force the Navy commander of the Guangdong to Hong Kong Ministry
flagship the Japanese revenge. repeatedly against the Japanese along the Yangtze River is not only mine teams base, and extremely cruel treatment of captured
officers .1940 mine, at the Yangtze River naval mine-laying mission team scout Benny Chan was born in Lake < br> mouth captured, reflected in three aspects:
First, the defense early stages of war, the navy to help the army fight, delay or prevent the Japanese Navy, especially along the Yangtze River
straight into the long drive to the mainland to thwart the invasion of their quick-fix strategy and forced the Japanese to change tactics several times, a large roundabout with the Army, and then use the Chinese mainland
military advantages of geographical advantage and destroy the enemy forces to create the conditions. Naval War although the initial retreat continued, but slow the Japanese
along the Yangtze River upstream speed, the cover of the Beijing-Shanghai and the Yangtze River area factories and enterprises, strategic materials moved westward to Sichuan, China continues to maintain the economic base of operations
contributed.
Second, War stand-off, the Navy continued to mine the battlefield in front of the Japanese naval blockade, and stick to the fortress fort, so that at sea
Army can not fully match with the Army's role in the stability of the battlefield in order to maintain a positive, defeat the Japanese army to expand aggression to make a certain contribution
offer. battlefields in the enemy's rear area, the Navy implemented the paragraphs in the fall of the Yangtze River guerrilla mines, attacked the Japanese ships and transport ships, not only the Japanese can not make full use of waterways
logistics and the elimination of part of the Japanese forces, but also the positive coordinate battlefield operations behind enemy lines as
an important part of the battlefield.
Thirdly, the Chinese navy and the war against Japanese naval forces to contain the part of the support the Pacific and Southeast Asia war, a battle contact
Japan, the Pacific war, Southeast Asia, a link the battlefield, [21] Although this relatively weak link.
Although the Navy's role is important and can not be replaced, but the activities of the Navy also have significant limitations. First of all, the Navy's activities by geographical conditions, serious
weight restrictions, few lakes and rivers in the north region, the Navy is extremely limited room for maneuver, Shandong's Third Fleet
south to the officers and men the collective proof of this. Second, the Navy's activities can not rely on the cover of the army to play an independent role. War fortress building defensive works early
Navy lost several times because the Army was forced to abandon after the Japanese opponent posterior . Navy's mine-laying activities in a large extent also depends on
the cover of the Army, early 1945's and the Min River mine is temporarily unable to perform tasks, such as the Army offensive succeeded, to restore the original position, then the team that entered the
the original anti-mines, mines will be re-blockage of the river. [22] while in the Army need more cover for the enemy Houbu Lei not only mines
by the Army is responsible for transport, but the lack of self-defense force Bray team must cover by the Army to survive and mission behind enemy lines. Navy
great impact of these vulnerabilities status and role of the Navy .
three
in the Sino-Japanese War, the Army is the main force fighting the Japanese army, navy and air force are auxiliary army forces, from that point of view, the Navy's land
bit lower than the Army, but the Air Force equal. But in fact, supporting the Air Force is the main force, and has a strategic nature; and sea
military is less important, but tactical auxiliary power. This classification based primarily on each of the three armies in the war in carried out the role.
before the war, the Chinese and Japanese Army and Navy, Army and Navy are not a small gap, but the Chinese mainland are very large and diverse topography, population, public
more, and far fewer Chinese army more than the Japanese Army; resume fighting from the perspective of the Navy long construction period, the level of national industrial
high demand that was impossible in China, and China's coastline during the war the Japanese navy was completely blocked,
take foreign aid dispute is unrealistic. In contrast, in terms of personnel or equipment, the Army have been more fully recharge, war or even the late
American equipment and training all Army divisions, the Army overall combat effectiveness and even a little bit of leveling out with the Japanese.
As science and technology and industrial development, the Air Force as a new type of force is the rapid development, not only can co land (sea) surface
operations, but also use their mobility for quick transport, aerial reconnaissance and implementation of large-scale strategic bombing mission, so that the warring parties to win air supremacy
regarded as an important condition for victory. China is one of the earlier establishment of the Air Force, the National Government Air Force
attaches great importance to the development of pre-war great efforts to build not only the Air Force, and Air Force during the war, is strongly for foreign aid. At the time, Aviation Committee hired consultants
American Legion Captain Chennault Air Force to fight in foreign aid to China and improved tactics played an important role.
after America entered the war to the Chinese Air Force to provide a large number of weapons and equipment to help train pilots in China and sent directly to the 14th Air Force stationed in China. This
late for the Chinese Air Force to win control of the air war create the conditions.
eight-year war, the Chinese Air Force (not including the Soviet aid to China Volunteer Force and the U.S. Air Force) mission a total of 4260 times, which attack 3653
times, detection 219, 346 air defense and control of the air cover times, flew 19,542 sorties. [23] In the strategy, the United States before the war, the Chinese mainland Japan
Air Force air operations there, so were the Japanese mainland for the first time a foreign aircraft After America entered the war, the Air Force base
mainland China as U.S. strategic bombers bases in mainland Japan and Taiwan, the Chinese Air Force to provide ground support
and some logistical assistance, but also bear some of the other bombing missions . Meanwhile, the Chinese Air Force has also undertaken important aid channel
China Hump the opening, security work and some of the transport tasks, break the Japanese blockade of China's strategy. In the air war, the Japanese attack
rear base, the rear lines of communication and collaboration ground combat, the Chinese Air Force has made no small success. eight years, the Chinese Air Force in aerial combat
592 enemy planes shot down, battered and possibly shot down 95 enemy planes, bomb destroyed 540 enemy ground, hit enemy aircraft and possibly blow up
125; in the destruction of the enemy lines of communication, as well as direct combat with the army, destroying and hit all kinds of vessels 8346, destroying and re-record motorcycle
and various types of vehicles, 6855 (Taiwan), destroyed and 307 bridges hit, attack Japanese positions and barracks 838, destroying public
factory, warehouse, a total of 904 military depot, killed 31,466 Japanese soldiers. [25 ] if coupled with the Soviet Union Volunteer Force and U.S. Air Force
of 14 victories, then the more glorious victories. From the perspective of victories achieved, far greater than the Navy's role in the Air Force.
In addition, the Air Force combat less defensive topographical constraints, do not need too much with the Army and Air Force fighter appears to boost the morale of the army
, better use of their mobility to assist the implementation of air and airborne army. as in the Western Campaign, the Air Force put all of the United States training equipment and training-type heart
6 Western military air to the war, the victory in the battle to win play an important role in
it must be admitted that, after the war began a long period of time, the Air Force has not been able win air supremacy, and gradually reduced in the Soviet Union cut off aid to China until
, while the U.S. has not yet entered the war period, the Chinese Air Force because of continuous fighting, heavy losses and lack of access to add,
autumn is essentially unable to fight back the Japanese .1940 end of the year and the year 1941, the Chinese air force out of the only 3 times. [26] Therefore, when the
in this period, the Navy played a more important role. But after 1942, with the advent of large-scale U.S. aid, Air Force's strength has been restored and
development and gradually seized control of the air, down the importance of the Navy. In 1944, the long battle in the balance, although the naval blockade in the Xiangjiang River
in Japanese mines, but the Japanese Navy After a small mine in about 20 days the cost of clearing the channel, and the Xiangjiang River water to the Japanese war
served as a major gateway. The United States Air Force air while filling the Japanese suffered heavy losses, not only logistics repeated strikes, but suffered a strong front-line troops
air, once to stop attacks, [27] and stop the daytime, and had to rely on night operations.
[28]
It can be seen , Air Force, both defensive and offensive characteristics can be used to make the main naval defense dwarfs, and both sides in the war's status
compete with out also can be judged.
four
in the war, the Navy no doubt played a major role, but it is undeniable that the role of the Navy has a lot of limitations
of. This is mainly reflected in the Navy played a limited role in support of tactical, not strategic nature. War is still early naval force, when the main
, supporting role in the collaborative nature of operations is relatively obvious; Jiangyin bloody battle, due to the loss of naval surface ships main
lost and exhausted, the actual naval combat to help the Army belong to the army is fighting with. Navy and direction for the course of the war can not afford to make
with decisive, not only that, the battle is not at all play a decisive role. Wuhan, the Japanese along the Yangtze River during the Battle of reasons for the slow upstream operations
addition to blocking the Navy, there is one important reason is that the Chinese Air Force air strikes frequently. War stalemate
Hunan province served in several wars, such as winning the first battle of Changsha, the main reason that the Navy is not The destruction of the Japanese water coordination [29] and the main
mainly due to the Japanese offensive operations to contain only tactical, not strategic offensive, the first Battle of Changsha (the Japanese call br> Gordon Battle military attack and retreat too quickly with the Navy does not need.
Chinese navy's role in the war greatly influenced the status of the auxiliary force tactical m m below the ground is not only the main position, and
and the auxiliary power is lower than the Air Force's strategic position. Although the integrity of the Navy officers and men of war no less heroic than the other two armed services, but the level of the status of
determined not by integrity. In fact, the Navy in the war can play the role and status achieved by the geographical environment,
history of the National Government's policy and the development of military technology advances such as the result of multiple factors.
position of China and the overall In ancient geography east China sea barrier, blocking the west desert mountains, the main threat is the Ministry of Foreign
nomads in northern steppe zone, and the wars in Chinese history mainly marine-based. lack of stimulation in the sea countries
feudal dynasty rulers and soldiers, scientists are and poverty m m relative to China, so China has no overseas expansion but also the driving force. So there since ancient times in China
to sea without proof of the state. After entering the modern era, in the West , the Qing government have spent great efforts to establish a
fleet, but the old feudal system led to the Ming Chuan from the Navy also recover. Republican civil wars, on the one hand
is the local government attaches great importance during the Civil War can play a role in the Army and Air Force, Navy, have been ignored in the development of the Navy ships not afford to buy the first
into the other, so that the slow development of China's heavy industry, the development of the Navy unable to provide a strong industrial base.
and Japan's situation is different. As an island nation, the Navy is to defend Japan's territory and a major force in foreign expansion. After Japan was forced open
States, recognizing the importance of a modern army vigorously building the navy, the Sino and Russo-Japanese victory more to stimulate the enthusiasm of the Japanese naval construction
. to the First World War, Japan has built the world's third largest navy, naval power far beyond China.
vast Chinese mainland, the diversity of landscape, population the many and vast army, the army as the main force for China on the mainland to carry out guerrilla warfare support
Jiuzhan and provide the necessary conditions. and the sea, air power is relatively weak, and it can not afford a decisive role in the war .
south of the country in the lakes, many rivers, especially in the Yangtze River, the longer leg, and went to inland China, which for the Chinese navy back into the river provides a handy
operations. As the progress of military technology , increasing the role of the Air Force to win air superiority both in terms of defensive or offensive
are very important. National Government attaches great importance to the development of the Air Force, in the pre-war military spending, the Air Force, although less than the Army,
But far more than the Navy. [31] the rise and widespread use of the Air Force has also affected the role and status of the Navy.
National Government's policy on naval Navy disadvantage. national government was set to before the war in a state of civil war in China actually Therefore, the National
government attaches great importance to the land directly involved in the civil war, the Air Force's development. Meanwhile, the Navy split into three factions inside though, but have a strong
independence, as the Chiang Kai-shek not to for the direct descendant, nor support their development, but mine waste of money creation power school, as a direct descendant of Navy training
cradle of the future. And after the war, on the pretext of reform, the former navy commander exclusion Shao-Kuan Chen, and
loyalists put his generals. This is the Navy before the war an important cause of developmental delay.
War period, China's tight blockade of the coastline by the Japanese navy, the Chinese navy is difficult to obtain foreign aid; and coastal shipyards, dock after the fall,
the Navy can not build or repair ships. This situation also limits the Navy's role in the play.
Historiography essay contest entries

Title: The Chinese Navy in the War The role and status of
: Fu Xin
Department Level: 2000
Instructor: Hao Zhang
[1] Qin day, Huo Xiaoyong, University Press, 2000, p. 222.
[2] the history of Dian-sheng, Shi-based, .
[3] General Command of the Navy National Government Code, 316-317 pages. Another way of saying is sister ship instead. See Xinhai, War History Room, book editorial committee, 1970, p. 1000.
[6] Hai-Bo Hu, ] .
[9] Shao-Kuan Chen, p. 273.
[10] Shao-Kuan Chen, Board editor of the The third Council of Kan-ping Xiang, Naval War History